Aging and Its Theories
Aging and Its Theories
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70284/njirm.v3i2.292Keywords:
Fissures, Lobes, BronchopulmonarysegmentsAbstract
Several factors (the lengthening of the average and, to a lesser extent, of the maximum human life span; the increase in percentage of elderly in the population and in the proportion of the national expenditure utilized by the elderly) have stimulated and continue to expand the study of aging. Recently, the view of aging as an extremely complex multifactorial process has replaced the earlier search for a distinct cause such as a single gene or the decline of a key body system. This mini review keeps in mind the multiplicity of mechanisms regulating aging; examines them at the molecular, cellular, and systemic levels; and explores the possibility of interactions at these three levels. The heterogeneity of the aging phenotype among individuals of the same species and differences in longevity among species underline the contribution of both genetic and environmental factors in shaping the life span. In this mini review, several theories are identified only briefly; a few (evolutionary, gene regulation, cellular senescence, free radical, and neuro-endocrineimmuno theories) are discussed in more detail, at molecular, cellular, and systemic levels
References
2. Jain AK. Physiology of aging, vol-2,619-622, 2001.
3. Dilman VM, Dean W. The neuroendocrine theory of aging and degenerative disease, overview from a major theory, 1992.
4. Bjorkstn J. The cross –linkege theory of aging. J. Am. Griatric soc; 16:408-27, 1968.
5. Edward I. et al. Aging and giriatic medicine: biology of aging; 2, 212-217, 1992.
6. Hayflick I. and Moorehead PS. The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains, Exp. cell res.; 25:585-621, 1962.
7. Harman D. Aging: a theory based on free redical and radiation chemistry. J. gerontol; 11:298-300, 1956.
8. Orgel LE. The mentenence of the accuracy of protein synthesis and its relence to aging, proc. Natl. acad. Sci. U.S.A.; 49:517-21, 1963.
9. Hendley DD et al. The properties of isolated human cardiac age pigment; 18:250-59, 1963.
10. Parsons P. The limit to human longevity: an approach through a stress theory of ageing. Mech Ageing Dev; 87: 211-8, 1996.
11. Schachter F, Faure-Delanef L, Guenot F, Rouger H, Froguel P, Lesueur-Ginot L, Cohen D. Genetic associations with human longevity. Nature Genet; 6: 29-32, 1994.
12. Rothschild H, Jazwinski SM. Human longevity determinant genes. J La State Med Soc; 150: 272-4, 1998.
13. Jazwinski SM. Genetics of longevity. Exp Gerontol; 33: 773-83, 1998.
14. De Benedictis G et al. Inherited variability of the mitochondrial genome and successful aging in humans. Ann N Y Acad Sci; 908: 208-18, 2000.
15. De Benedictis G, Rose G, Carrieri G. Mitochondrial DNA inherited variants are associated with successful aging and longevity in humans. FASEB J; 13: 1532-6, 1999.
16. Experimental Gerontology; 21: 283-319, 1986.
17. Timiras PS. Developmental Physiology and aging, models of cellular aging; 22(II), 442, 1972.
18. Ginaldi L and Sternberg H. The immune system. In: Physiological Basis of Aging and Geriatrics (3rd ed.), edited by Timiras PS. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 2003.
19. Mandavilli BS, Santos JH, and Van Houten B. Mitochondrial DNA repair and aging. Mutat Res 509: 127-151, 2002.
20. Perls T, Kunkel L, and Puca A. The genetics of aging. Curr Opin Genet Dev 12: 362-369, 2002.
21. Beckman KB and Ames BN. The free radical theory of aging matures. Physiol Rev 78: 547-581, 1998.
22. Blackburn EH. Telomere states and cell fates. Nature 408: 53-56, 2000.
23. George AJ, Ritter MA. Thymic involution with ageing: obsolescence or good housekeeping? Immunol Today 17: 267-272, 1996.
24. Finch CE. Longevity, Senescence and the Genome. Chicago, IL: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1990.
25. Finch CE. The regulation of physiological changes during mammalian aging. Q Rev Biol 51: 49-83, 1976.
