Intra-Oral Sarcoidosis: A Specific Disease Entity Known For More Than A Century, But Still A Dilemma
Intra-oral Sarcoidosis
Keywords:
Sarcoidosis, chronic granulomatous conditionsAbstract
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that predominantly affects the lungs and intra-thoracic lymph nodes. Sarcoidosis is manifested by the presence of non-caseating granulomas in affected organs and tissues. Although the condition has been identified as a specific disease entity for more than a century, the exact etiology of it is still unknown. The present review tries to provide an insight into the possible etio-pathogenesis that seems convincing with an overview of the contemporary treatment modalities recommended and adopted for this complex disease process.[Nayyar A NJIRM 2015; 6(3):98-104]
References
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3. Chen ES, Song Z, Willett MH, Heine S, Yung RC, Liu MC, et al. Serum amyloid A regulates granulomatous inflammation in sarcoidosis through Toll-like receptor-2. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;181:360-373.
4. Panselinas E, Judson MA. Acute pulmonary exacerbations of sarcoidosis. Chest 2012;142:827-836.
5. Gottlieb JE, Israel HL, Steiner RM, Triolo J, Patrick H. Outcome in sarcoidosis: The relationship of relapse to corticosteroid therapy. Chest 1997;111:623-631.
6. Rizzato G, Montemurro L, Colombo P. The late follow-up of chronic sarcoid patients previously treated with corticosteroids. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 1998;15:52-58.
7. Eule H, Weinecke A, Roth I, Wuthe H. The possible influence of corticosteroid therapy on the natural course of pulmonary sarcoidosis: Late results of a continuing clinical study. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986;465:695-701.
8. Israel HL, Fouts DW, Beggs RA. A controlled trial of prednisone treatment of sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973;107:609-614.
9. Paramothayan NS, Lasserson TJ, Jones PW. Corticosteroids for pulmonary sarcoidosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;CD001114.
10. Zaki MH, Lyons HA, Leilop L, Huang CT. Corticosteroid therapy in sarcoidosis: A five-year controlled follow-up study. N Y State J Med 1987;87:496-499.
11. Schutt AC, Bullington WM, Judson MA. Pharmacotherapy for pulmonary sarcoidosis: A Delphi consensus study. Respir Med 2010;104:717-723.
12. Beegle SH, Barba K, Gobunsuy R, Judson MA. Current and emerging pharmacological treatments for sarcoidosis: A review. Drug Des Devel Ther 2013;7:325-338.13. Newman LS, Rose CS, Maier LA. Sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1224-1234.
14. Schroff J. Sarcoid of the face (Besnier–Boeck–Schumann) disease: Report of a case. JADA 1942;29:2208-2211.
15. Poe DL. Sarcoidosis of the jaw: A new disease of the mandible. Am J Orthod 1943;29:52-56.
16. Suresh L, Radfar L. Oral Sarcoidosis: A review of literature. Oral Diseases 2005;11:138-145.
17. James DG, Sharma OP. Parotid gland sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2000;17:27-32.
18. Mandel L, Kaynar A. Sialadenopathy: A clinical herald of sarcoidosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994;52:1208-1210. 19. Wiesenfeld D, Ferguson MM, Mitchell DN, MacDonald DG, Scully C, Cochran K, et al. Orofacial granulomatosis: A clinical and pathological analysis. Q J Med 1985;54:101-113.
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31. Ziegenhagen MW, Rothe ME, Zissel G, Müller-Quernheim J. Exaggerated TNF alpha release of alveolar macrophages in corticosteroid resistant sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2002;19:185-190.
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34. Sweiss NJ, Noth I, Mirsaeidi M, Zhang W, Naureckas ET, Hogarth DK, et al. Efficacy Results of a 52-week Trial of Adalimumab in the Treatment of Refractory Sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2014;31:46-54.
35. Baughman RP, Nunes H, Sweiss NJ, Lower EE. Established and experimental medical therapy of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 2013;41:1424-1438.
36. Louie GH, Chitkara P, Ward MM. Relapse of sarcoidosis upon treatment with etanercept. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:896-898.
37. van der Stoep D, Braunstahl G, van Zeben J, Wouters J. Sarcoidosis during anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy: No relapse after re-challenge. J Rheumatol 2009;36:2847-2848.
38. Burns AM, Green PJ, Pasternak S. Etanercept-induced cutaneous and pulmonary sarcoid-like granulomas resolving with adalimumab. J Cutan Pathol 2012;39:289-293.
39. Verschueren K, van Essche E, Verschueren P, Taelman V, Westhovens R. Development of sarcoidosis in etanercept-treated rheumatoidarthritis patients. Clin Rheumatol 2007;26:1969-1971.
40. O’Shea FD, Marras TK, Inman RD: Pulmonary sarcoidosis developing during infliximab therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 55:978–81.
41. Ogisu N, Sato S, Kawaguchi H, Sugiura Y, Mori T, Niimi T, et al. Elevated level of soluble HLA class I antigens in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with sarcoidosis. Intern Med 2001;40:201-207.
42. Hunninghake GW, Crystal RG. Mechanisms of hypergammaglobulinemia in pulmonary sarcoidosis: Site of increased antibody production and role of T lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 1981;67:86-92.
43. Kataria YP, Holter JF. Immunology of sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med 1997;18:719-739.
44. Belkhou A, Younsi R, El BI, El HS. Rituximab as a treatment alternative in sarcoidosis. Joint Bone Spine. 2008;75:511-512.
45. Dasilva V, Breuil V, Chevallier P, Euller-Ziegler L. Relapse of severe sarcoidosis with an uncommon peritoneal location after TNF alpha blockade: Efficacy of rituximab, report of a single case. Joint Bone Spine 2010;77:82-83.
46. Bomprezzi R, Pati S, Chansakul C, Vollmer T. A case of neurosarcoidosis successfully treated with rituximab. Neurology 2010;75:568-570.
47. Sweiss NJ, Lower EE, Mirsaeidi M, Dudek S, Garcia JGN, Perkins D, et al. Rituximab in the treatment of refractory pulmonary sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 2014;43:1525-1528.
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52. Kavathia D, Buckley JD, Rao D, Rybicki B, Burke R. Elevated 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with protracted treatment in sarcoidosis. Respir Med 2010;104:564-570.
53. Miyoshi S, Hamada H, Kadowaki T, Hamaguchi N, Ito R, Irifune K, et al. Comparative evaluation of serum markers in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Chest 2010;137:1391-1397.
54. Cremers J, Drent M, Driessen A, Nieman F, Wijnen P, Baughman R, et al. Liver-test abnormalities in sarcoidosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;24:17-24.
55. Arcasoy SM, Christie JD, Pochettino A, Rosengard BR, Blumenthal NP, Bavaria JE, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients with sarcoidosis listed for lung transplantation. Chest 2001;120:873-880.
56. Lower EE, Baughman RP. Prolonged use of methotrexate for sarcoidosis. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:846-851.
57. Baltzan M, Mehta S, Kirkham TH, Cosio MG. Randomized trial of prolonged chloroquine therapy in advanced pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:192-197.
58. Zic JA, Horowitz DH, Arzubiaga C, King LE Jr. Treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis with chloroquine: Review of the literature. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:1034-1040.
59. Demeter SL. Myocardial sarcoidosis unresponsive to steroids: Treatment with cyclophosphamide. Chest 1988;94:202-203.
60. Doty JD, Mazur JE, Judson MA. Treatment of corticosteroid-resistant neurosarcoidosis with a short-course cyclophosphamide regimen. Chest 2003;124:2023-2026.
61. Müller-Quernheim J, Kienast K, Held M, Pfeifer S, Costabel U. Treatment of chronic sarcoidosis with an azathioprine/prednisolone regimen. Eur Respir J 1999;14:1117-1122.
62. Kataria YP. Chlorambucil in sarcoidosis. Chest 1980;78:36-43.
63. York EL, Kovithavongs T, Man SF, Rebuck AS, Sproule BJ. Cyclosporine and chronic sarcoidosis. Chest 1990;98:1026-1029.
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66. Baughman RP, Judson MA, Teirstein AS, Moller DR, Lower EE. Thalidomide for chronic sarcoidosis. Chest 2002;122:227-232.
67. Fazzi P, Manni E, Cristofani R, Cei G, Piazza S, Calabrese R, et al. Thalidomide for improving cutaneous and pulmonary sarcoidosis in patients resistant or with contraindications to corticosteroids. Biomed Pharmacother 2012;66:300-307.
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69. Cohen C, Krutchkoff D, Eisenberg E. Systemic sarcoidosis: Report of two cases with oral lesions. J Oral Surg 1981;39:613-618.
70. Hayter JP, Robertson JM. Sarcoidosis presenting as gingivitis. Br Med J 1988;296:504.
71. Armstrong C, Napier S, Linden GJ. Sarcoidosis with gingival involvement: A case report. J Periodontol 2004;75:608-612.
72. Hoggins GS, Allan D. Sarcoidosis of the maxillary region. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1969;28:623-627.
73. Narang R, Dixon RA Jr. Sarcoidosis and ranula of sublingual gland. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1975;39:376-381.
74. Betten B, Koppang HS. Sarcoidosis with mandibular involvement: Report of a case. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1976;42:731-737.
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76. Schwartz HC. Sarcoid temporomandibular arthritis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1981;52:588-590.
77. MacLeod RI, Snow MH, Hawkesford JE. Sarcoidosis of the tongue: A case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1985;23:243-246.
78. Nagata Y, Kanekura T, Kawabata H, Shimomai K, Higashi Y, Setoyama M et al. A case of sarcoidosis involving the tongue. J Dermatol 1999;26:666-670.
79. Mendelsohn SS, Field EA, Woolgar J. Sarcoidosis of the tongue. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992; 17: 47-48
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2. Hunninghake GW, Costabel U, Ando M, Baughman R, Cordier JF, Du BR, et al. ATS/ERS/WASOG statement on sarcoidosis. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society/World Association of Sarcoidosis and other Granulomatous Disorders. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 1999;16:149-173.
3. Chen ES, Song Z, Willett MH, Heine S, Yung RC, Liu MC, et al. Serum amyloid A regulates granulomatous inflammation in sarcoidosis through Toll-like receptor-2. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;181:360-373.
4. Panselinas E, Judson MA. Acute pulmonary exacerbations of sarcoidosis. Chest 2012;142:827-836.
5. Gottlieb JE, Israel HL, Steiner RM, Triolo J, Patrick H. Outcome in sarcoidosis: The relationship of relapse to corticosteroid therapy. Chest 1997;111:623-631.
6. Rizzato G, Montemurro L, Colombo P. The late follow-up of chronic sarcoid patients previously treated with corticosteroids. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 1998;15:52-58.
7. Eule H, Weinecke A, Roth I, Wuthe H. The possible influence of corticosteroid therapy on the natural course of pulmonary sarcoidosis: Late results of a continuing clinical study. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986;465:695-701.
8. Israel HL, Fouts DW, Beggs RA. A controlled trial of prednisone treatment of sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973;107:609-614.
9. Paramothayan NS, Lasserson TJ, Jones PW. Corticosteroids for pulmonary sarcoidosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;CD001114.
10. Zaki MH, Lyons HA, Leilop L, Huang CT. Corticosteroid therapy in sarcoidosis: A five-year controlled follow-up study. N Y State J Med 1987;87:496-499.
11. Schutt AC, Bullington WM, Judson MA. Pharmacotherapy for pulmonary sarcoidosis: A Delphi consensus study. Respir Med 2010;104:717-723.
12. Beegle SH, Barba K, Gobunsuy R, Judson MA. Current and emerging pharmacological treatments for sarcoidosis: A review. Drug Des Devel Ther 2013;7:325-338.13. Newman LS, Rose CS, Maier LA. Sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1224-1234.
14. Schroff J. Sarcoid of the face (Besnier–Boeck–Schumann) disease: Report of a case. JADA 1942;29:2208-2211.
15. Poe DL. Sarcoidosis of the jaw: A new disease of the mandible. Am J Orthod 1943;29:52-56.
16. Suresh L, Radfar L. Oral Sarcoidosis: A review of literature. Oral Diseases 2005;11:138-145.
17. James DG, Sharma OP. Parotid gland sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2000;17:27-32.
18. Mandel L, Kaynar A. Sialadenopathy: A clinical herald of sarcoidosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994;52:1208-1210. 19. Wiesenfeld D, Ferguson MM, Mitchell DN, MacDonald DG, Scully C, Cochran K, et al. Orofacial granulomatosis: A clinical and pathological analysis. Q J Med 1985;54:101-113.
20. Sciubba JJ, Said-Al-Naief N. Orofacial granulomatosis: Presentation, pathology and management of 13 cases. J Oral Pathol Med 2003;32:576-585.
21. Koike K. Sarcoidosis of tongue: A case report. Auris Nasus Larynx 2007;34:131-133.
22. Ten Berge B, Kleinjan A, Muskens F, Hammad H, Hoogsteden HC, Hendriks RW, et al. Evidence for local dendritic cell activation in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Respir Res 2012;13:33.
23. Mota PC, Morais A, Palmares C, Beltrão M, Melo N, Santos AC, et al. Diagnostic value of CD103 expression in bronchoalveolar lymphocytes in sarcoidosis. Respir Med 2012;106:1014-1020.
24. Doty JD, Mazur JE, Judson MA. Treatment of sarcoidosis with infliximab. Chest 2005;127:1064-1071.
25. Yee AM, Pochapin MB. Treatment of complicated sarcoidosis with infliximab anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:27-31.
26. Baughman RP, Lower EE. Infliximab for refractory sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2001;18:70-74.
27. Stagaki E, Mountford WK, Lackland DT, Judson MA. The treatment of lupus pernio: Results of 116 treatment courses in 54 patients. Chest 2009;135:468-476.
28. Sodhi M, Pearson K, White ES, Culver DA. Infliximab therapy rescues
cyclophosphamide failure in severe central nervous system sarcoidosis. Respir Med 2009;103:268-273.
29. Fehrenbach H, Zissel G, Goldmann T, Tschernig T, Vollmer E, Pabst R, et al. Alveolar macrophages are the main source for tumour necrosis factor-alpha in patients with sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 2003;21:421-428.
30. Baughman RP, Culver DA, Judson MA. A concise review of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:573-581.
31. Ziegenhagen MW, Rothe ME, Zissel G, Müller-Quernheim J. Exaggerated TNF alpha release of alveolar macrophages in corticosteroid resistant sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2002;19:185-190.
32. Baughman RP, Drent M, Kavuru M, Judson MA, Costabel U, Du BR, et al. Infliximab therapy in patients with chronic sarcoidosis and pulmonary involvement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;174:795-802.
33. Pariser RJ, Paul J, Hirano S, Torosky C, Smith M. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of adalimumab in the treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;68:765-773.
34. Sweiss NJ, Noth I, Mirsaeidi M, Zhang W, Naureckas ET, Hogarth DK, et al. Efficacy Results of a 52-week Trial of Adalimumab in the Treatment of Refractory Sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2014;31:46-54.
35. Baughman RP, Nunes H, Sweiss NJ, Lower EE. Established and experimental medical therapy of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 2013;41:1424-1438.
36. Louie GH, Chitkara P, Ward MM. Relapse of sarcoidosis upon treatment with etanercept. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:896-898.
37. van der Stoep D, Braunstahl G, van Zeben J, Wouters J. Sarcoidosis during anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy: No relapse after re-challenge. J Rheumatol 2009;36:2847-2848.
38. Burns AM, Green PJ, Pasternak S. Etanercept-induced cutaneous and pulmonary sarcoid-like granulomas resolving with adalimumab. J Cutan Pathol 2012;39:289-293.
39. Verschueren K, van Essche E, Verschueren P, Taelman V, Westhovens R. Development of sarcoidosis in etanercept-treated rheumatoidarthritis patients. Clin Rheumatol 2007;26:1969-1971.
40. O’Shea FD, Marras TK, Inman RD: Pulmonary sarcoidosis developing during infliximab therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 55:978–81.
41. Ogisu N, Sato S, Kawaguchi H, Sugiura Y, Mori T, Niimi T, et al. Elevated level of soluble HLA class I antigens in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with sarcoidosis. Intern Med 2001;40:201-207.
42. Hunninghake GW, Crystal RG. Mechanisms of hypergammaglobulinemia in pulmonary sarcoidosis: Site of increased antibody production and role of T lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 1981;67:86-92.
43. Kataria YP, Holter JF. Immunology of sarcoidosis. Clin Chest Med 1997;18:719-739.
44. Belkhou A, Younsi R, El BI, El HS. Rituximab as a treatment alternative in sarcoidosis. Joint Bone Spine. 2008;75:511-512.
45. Dasilva V, Breuil V, Chevallier P, Euller-Ziegler L. Relapse of severe sarcoidosis with an uncommon peritoneal location after TNF alpha blockade: Efficacy of rituximab, report of a single case. Joint Bone Spine 2010;77:82-83.
46. Bomprezzi R, Pati S, Chansakul C, Vollmer T. A case of neurosarcoidosis successfully treated with rituximab. Neurology 2010;75:568-570.
47. Sweiss NJ, Lower EE, Mirsaeidi M, Dudek S, Garcia JGN, Perkins D, et al. Rituximab in the treatment of refractory pulmonary sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 2014;43:1525-1528.
48. Sverrild A, Backer V, Kyvik KO, Kaprio J, Milman N, Svendsen CB. Heredity in sarcoidosis: A registry-based twin study. Thorax 2008;63:894-896. 49. Rybicki BA, Harrington D, Major M, Simoff M, PopovichJ, Jr., Maliarik M, et al. Heterogeneity of familial risk in sarcoidosis. Genet Epidemiol 1996;13:23-33. 50. Rybicki BA, Maliarik MJ, Major M, Popovich J Jr, Iannuzzi MC. Epidemiology, demographics and genetics of sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Infect 1998;13:166-173.
51. Inui N, Murayama A, Sasaki S, Suda T, Chida K, Kato S, et al. Correlation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1 alpha-hydroxylase gene expression in alveolar macrophages and the activity of sarcoidosis. Am J Med 2001;110:687-693.
52. Kavathia D, Buckley JD, Rao D, Rybicki B, Burke R. Elevated 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with protracted treatment in sarcoidosis. Respir Med 2010;104:564-570.
53. Miyoshi S, Hamada H, Kadowaki T, Hamaguchi N, Ito R, Irifune K, et al. Comparative evaluation of serum markers in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Chest 2010;137:1391-1397.
54. Cremers J, Drent M, Driessen A, Nieman F, Wijnen P, Baughman R, et al. Liver-test abnormalities in sarcoidosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;24:17-24.
55. Arcasoy SM, Christie JD, Pochettino A, Rosengard BR, Blumenthal NP, Bavaria JE, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients with sarcoidosis listed for lung transplantation. Chest 2001;120:873-880.
56. Lower EE, Baughman RP. Prolonged use of methotrexate for sarcoidosis. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:846-851.
57. Baltzan M, Mehta S, Kirkham TH, Cosio MG. Randomized trial of prolonged chloroquine therapy in advanced pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:192-197.
58. Zic JA, Horowitz DH, Arzubiaga C, King LE Jr. Treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis with chloroquine: Review of the literature. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:1034-1040.
59. Demeter SL. Myocardial sarcoidosis unresponsive to steroids: Treatment with cyclophosphamide. Chest 1988;94:202-203.
60. Doty JD, Mazur JE, Judson MA. Treatment of corticosteroid-resistant neurosarcoidosis with a short-course cyclophosphamide regimen. Chest 2003;124:2023-2026.
61. Müller-Quernheim J, Kienast K, Held M, Pfeifer S, Costabel U. Treatment of chronic sarcoidosis with an azathioprine/prednisolone regimen. Eur Respir J 1999;14:1117-1122.
62. Kataria YP. Chlorambucil in sarcoidosis. Chest 1980;78:36-43.
63. York EL, Kovithavongs T, Man SF, Rebuck AS, Sproule BJ. Cyclosporine and chronic sarcoidosis. Chest 1990;98:1026-1029.
64. Zabel P, Entzian P, Dalhoff K, Schlaak M. Pentoxifylline in treatment of sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;155:1665-1669.
65. Sahoo DH, Bandyopadhyay D, Xu M, Pearson K, Parambil JG, Lazar CA, et al. Effectiveness and safety of leflunomide for pulmonary and extra-pulmonary sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 2011;38:1145-1150.
66. Baughman RP, Judson MA, Teirstein AS, Moller DR, Lower EE. Thalidomide for chronic sarcoidosis. Chest 2002;122:227-232.
67. Fazzi P, Manni E, Cristofani R, Cei G, Piazza S, Calabrese R, et al. Thalidomide for improving cutaneous and pulmonary sarcoidosis in patients resistant or with contraindications to corticosteroids. Biomed Pharmacother 2012;66:300-307.
68. Abdul Rahman S Al-Azri. Oral Lesion as the first clinical presentation in Sarcoidosis: A Case Report Oman Med J 2012;27:243-245.
69. Cohen C, Krutchkoff D, Eisenberg E. Systemic sarcoidosis: Report of two cases with oral lesions. J Oral Surg 1981;39:613-618.
70. Hayter JP, Robertson JM. Sarcoidosis presenting as gingivitis. Br Med J 1988;296:504.
71. Armstrong C, Napier S, Linden GJ. Sarcoidosis with gingival involvement: A case report. J Periodontol 2004;75:608-612.
72. Hoggins GS, Allan D. Sarcoidosis of the maxillary region. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1969;28:623-627.
73. Narang R, Dixon RA Jr. Sarcoidosis and ranula of sublingual gland. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1975;39:376-381.
74. Betten B, Koppang HS. Sarcoidosis with mandibular involvement: Report of a case. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1976;42:731-737.
75. Hillerup S. Diagnosis of sarcoidosis from oral manifestation. Int J Oral Surg 1976;5:95-99.
76. Schwartz HC. Sarcoid temporomandibular arthritis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1981;52:588-590.
77. MacLeod RI, Snow MH, Hawkesford JE. Sarcoidosis of the tongue: A case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1985;23:243-246.
78. Nagata Y, Kanekura T, Kawabata H, Shimomai K, Higashi Y, Setoyama M et al. A case of sarcoidosis involving the tongue. J Dermatol 1999;26:666-670.
79. Mendelsohn SS, Field EA, Woolgar J. Sarcoidosis of the tongue. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992; 17: 47-48
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Published
2018-01-10
How to Cite
Nayyar, D. A. S. (2018). Intra-Oral Sarcoidosis: A Specific Disease Entity Known For More Than A Century, But Still A Dilemma: Intra-oral Sarcoidosis. National Journal of Integrated Research in Medicine, 6(3), 98–104. Retrieved from http://nicpd.ac.in/ojs-/index.php/njirm/article/view/923
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Review Article
