Systemic Associations of Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
Systemic Associations of Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
Keywords:
Retinal vein occlusion; Hypertension; Hyperhomocysteinemia; Arteriosclerosis; Tobacco; SmokingAbstract
Background: Retinal vein occlusion is a commonly encountered vascular disorder affecting the retina. Systemic diseases have been implicated in the pathogenesis of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Many systemic risk factors of BRVO are reported from studies done in various countries. However, there is scarcity of reports of systemic associations of BRVO in Indian population. Purpose: To find the systemic associations of BRVO. Materials and Methods: Medical records of patients of BRVO visiting the tertiary eye care center of a medical college during the past two years were retrieved. Their demographic presentations and systemic associations were analyzed. Results: One hundred and fourteen patients of BRVO with male:female ratio of 2.3:1 and having a mean age of 58 + 9.5 years were analyzed. Seventy-five (65.8 %) patients were hypertensive, 32 (28.1 %) had hyperhomocysteinemia, 26 (22. 8 %) were suffering from diabetes mellitus and 20 (17.5 %) were dyslipidemic. Twenty (17.5 %) patients were addicted to tobacco in some or the other forms whereas 18 (15.8 %) patients were smokers. Conclusion: The first step in the management of BRVO is to identify the risk factors associated with the disease in order to correct them. A joint effort is needed between the ophthalmologist and the physician to treat this sight-threatening retinal condition.[Nema N NJIRM 2015; 6(2):31-36]
References
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Korean RVO Study Group.J Korean Med Sci 2013;28:136-144.
10. Lim LL, Cheung N, Wang JJ, Islam FM, Mitchell P, Saw SM, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of retinal vein occlusion in an Asian population. Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 92: 1316-1319.
11. Liu W, Xu L, Jonas JB. Vein occlusion in Chinese subjects. Ophthalmology 2007; 114: 1795-1796.
12. Arakawa S, Yasuda M, Nagata M, Ninomiya T, Hirakawa Y, Doi Y, et al. Nine-year incidence and risk factors for retinal vein occlusion in a general Japanese population: the Hisayama Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52: 5905-5909.
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14. Rogers S, McIntosh RL, Cheung N, Lim L, Wang JJ, Mitchell P, et al. The prevalence of retinal vein occlusion: Pooled data from population studies from the United States, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Ophthalmology 2010;117:313-391.
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25. Lam HD, Lahey JM, Kearney JJ, Ng RR, Lehmer JM, Tanaka SC. Young patients with branch retinal vein occlusion: a review of 60 cases. Retina 2010; 30:1520-1523.
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28. Clarke R, Daly L, Robinson K, Naughten E, Cahalane S, Fowler B,et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia: An independent risk factor for vascular disease. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1149-1155.
29. Welch GN, Loscalzo J. Homocysteine and atherothrombosis. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1142-1150.
30. Kalita J, Mishra UK, Srivastava AK, Bindu IS. A study of homocysteine level in North Indian subjects with special reference to their dietary habit. The European e-Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism 2007; 2:116-119.
31. Dierkes J, Luley C, Westphal S. Effect of lipid-lowering and anti-hypertensive drugs on plasma homocysteine levels. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2007; 3:99-108.
32. Loewenstein A, Goldstein M, Winder A, Lazar M, Eldor A. Retinal vein occlusion associated with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutation. Ophthalmology 1999;106: 1817-1820.
33. Cahill MT, Stinnett SS, Fekrat S. Meta-analysis of plasma homocysteine, serum folate, serum vitamin B12, and thermolabile MTHFR genotype as risk factors for retinal vascular occlusive disease. AmJ Ophthalmol 2003;136:1136-1150.
2. Klein R, Moss SE, Meuer SM, Klein BE. The 15-year cumulative incidence of retinal vein occlusion: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. ArchOphthalmol 2008;126:513–518.
3. Karia N. Retinal vein occlusion: pathophysiology and treatment options. Clin Ophthalmol2010; 4: 809-816.
4. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Meuer SM. The epidemiology of retinal vein occlusion: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2000; 98: 133-141.
5. Mitchell P, Smith W, Chang A. Prevalence and associations of retinal vein occlusion in Australia: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 1996; 114: 1243-1247.
6. Wong TY, Larsen EK, Klein R, Mitchell P, Couper DJ, Klein BE, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors for retinal vein occlusion and arteriolar emboli: the atherosclerosis risk in communities & cardiovascular health studies. Ophthalmology 2005; 112: 540-547.
7. Cheung N, Klein R, Wang JJ, Cotch MF, Islam AF, Klein BE, et al. Traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors for retinal vein occlusion: the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 4297-4302.
8. Jonas JB, Nangia V, Khare A, Sinha A, Lambat S. Prevalence and associations of retinal vein occlusions: the CentralIndiaEye and MedicalStudy. Retina. 2013; 33:152-159.
9. Lee JY, Yoon YH, Kim HK, Yoon HS, Kang SW, Kim JG, et al. Baselinecharacteristics and risk factors of retinal vein occlusion: a study by the
Korean RVO Study Group.J Korean Med Sci 2013;28:136-144.
10. Lim LL, Cheung N, Wang JJ, Islam FM, Mitchell P, Saw SM, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of retinal vein occlusion in an Asian population. Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 92: 1316-1319.
11. Liu W, Xu L, Jonas JB. Vein occlusion in Chinese subjects. Ophthalmology 2007; 114: 1795-1796.
12. Arakawa S, Yasuda M, Nagata M, Ninomiya T, Hirakawa Y, Doi Y, et al. Nine-year incidence and risk factors for retinal vein occlusion in a general Japanese population: the Hisayama Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52: 5905-5909.
13. Barbazetto IA, Schmidt-Erfurth UM. Quantification of functional retinal damage in branch retinal vein thromboses. Ophthalmologe 1999;96:159–65.
14. Rogers S, McIntosh RL, Cheung N, Lim L, Wang JJ, Mitchell P, et al. The prevalence of retinal vein occlusion: Pooled data from population studies from the United States, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Ophthalmology 2010;117:313-391.
15. Zhou JQ, Xu L, Wang S, Wang YX, You QS, Tu Y, et al. The 10-year incidence and risk factors of retinal vein occlusion: the Beijing eye study. Ophthalmology 2013;120:803-808.
16. Rehak J, Rehak M. Branch retinal vein occlusion: pathogenesis, visual prognosis, and treatment modalities. Curr Eye Res 2008;33:111-131.
17. Frangieh GT, Green WR, Barraquer-Somers E, Finkelstein D. Histopathologic study of branch retinal vein occlusion. Arch Ophthalmol1982;100:1132-1140.
18. Lang GE, Freissler K. Clinical and fluorescein angiography findings in patients with retinal vein occlusion. A unicenter study of 211 patients. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1992; 201: 234-239.
19. Kolar P. Risk factors for central and branch retinal vein occlusion: a meta-analysis of published clinical data. J Ophthalmol 2014. doi: 10.1155/2014/724780.Epub 2014 Jun 9.
20. Hayreh SS, Zimmerman B, Podhajsky P. Incidence of various types of retinal vein occlusion and their recurrence anddemographic characteristics. Am J Ophthalmol 1990;117:429-441.
21. Fiebai B, Ejimadu CS, Komolafe RD. Incidence and risk factors for retinal vein occlusion at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract 2014;17:462-466.
22. Nwosu SN. Pattern and risk factors for retinal vein occlusion in Onitsha,Nigeria. Nig J Ophthamol 2008;16:30‑32.
23. Sperduto RD, Hiller R, Chew E, Seigel D, Blair N, Burton TC, et al. Risk factors for hemiretinal vein occlusion: comparison with risk factors for central and branch retinal vein occlusion: the eye disease case-control study. Ophthalmology 1998;105:765-771.
24. O'Mahoney PR, Wong DT, Ray JG. Retinal vein occlusion and traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis. Arch Ophthalmol 2008;12:692-699.
25. Lam HD, Lahey JM, Kearney JJ, Ng RR, Lehmer JM, Tanaka SC. Young patients with branch retinal vein occlusion: a review of 60 cases. Retina 2010; 30:1520-1523.
26. Christoffersen NL, Larsen M. Pathophysiology and hemodynamic of branch retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 1999;106:2054-2062.
27. Staurenghi G, Lonati C, Aschero M, Orzalesi N. Arteriovenous crossing as a risk factor in branch retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol 1994;117:211-213.
28. Clarke R, Daly L, Robinson K, Naughten E, Cahalane S, Fowler B,et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia: An independent risk factor for vascular disease. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1149-1155.
29. Welch GN, Loscalzo J. Homocysteine and atherothrombosis. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1142-1150.
30. Kalita J, Mishra UK, Srivastava AK, Bindu IS. A study of homocysteine level in North Indian subjects with special reference to their dietary habit. The European e-Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism 2007; 2:116-119.
31. Dierkes J, Luley C, Westphal S. Effect of lipid-lowering and anti-hypertensive drugs on plasma homocysteine levels. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2007; 3:99-108.
32. Loewenstein A, Goldstein M, Winder A, Lazar M, Eldor A. Retinal vein occlusion associated with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutation. Ophthalmology 1999;106: 1817-1820.
33. Cahill MT, Stinnett SS, Fekrat S. Meta-analysis of plasma homocysteine, serum folate, serum vitamin B12, and thermolabile MTHFR genotype as risk factors for retinal vascular occlusive disease. AmJ Ophthalmol 2003;136:1136-1150.
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Published
2018-01-09
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Nema, N., Verma, A., Patel, S., Singhai, P., & Malviya, R. (2018). Systemic Associations of Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion: Systemic Associations of Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion. National Journal of Integrated Research in Medicine, 6(2), 31–36. Retrieved from http://nicpd.ac.in/ojs-/index.php/njirm/article/view/877
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