Sonographic Evaluation of Heel Pad Thickness in A Nigerian Population
Sonographic Evaluation of Heel Pad Thickness in A Nigerian Population
Keywords:
Sonography, Heel Pad Thickness, Correlation, Anthropometric variablesAbstract
Background: The heel pad is an important element of foot biomechanics and knowledge of structural inclinations in populations is important in the pathological assessment of the foot. Subjects and Methods: The thickness of the Heel pad (HPT) was evaluated in a student population in Nigeria using ultrasound and correlated with some anthropometric variables to assess which variable can easily be used to predict HPT. Results: Results showed a mean HPT of 9.06±1.26 and 9.00±1.73 (mm) for the right and left side respectively; height, Body Mass Index (BMI) and Body Surface Area (BSA) showed positive correlation with the HPT. As a result Simple regression equations were deduced for HPT using height, BMI and BSA as independent variables.
Conclusion: The results are not comparable to previous studies and suggest ethnic/racial impact on heel pad fat distribution and thus, opined the validation of these equations for expanded use in our population.
References
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2. Aldridge T. Diagnosing heel pain in Adults. Am fam phys. 2004; 70;332-338
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8. Buchbinder R. Plantar Fascitis. N Eng J Med. 2004; 350: 2159-2166.
9. Falsetti P, Frediani B, Acciai C, Baldi F, Filipou G, Marcolongo R. Heel fat pad involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis and in Spondyloarthropathies : an ultrasonographic study. Scand J of Rheumatology2004; 33(5): 327-331.
10. Thomas JL, Christeiensen JC, Kravitz SR, Mendicino RW, Scheberth JM, Vanore JV . The Diagnosis and treatment of Heel Pain. J Foot Ankle Surg 2001; 40(5):329-340.
11. Jorgensen U . Achillodynia and loss of heel pad shock absorbency. Am J sports Med 1985; 13: 128-132.
12. Ugwu AC, Udoh BE, Njoku CO, Eteudo AN . Roles of Sonographers in theManagement of Diabetes. A proposed framework. J diag Med Son.2008; 24:84-87.
13. Krishan K. Determination of stature from foot and its segments in a north Indian Population. Am of For Med & Path 2008; 29(4):297-303.
14. Ophir J, Garra B, Kallel F, Konofagou E, Righetti R, Varghese T Elastographic imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol 2000; 26(1) 23-29.
15. Gooding GAW, Stress RM, Graf PM, Grunfeld C. Heel Pad Thickness; determination by high resolution ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med. 1985; 4;173-174.
16. Udoh BE. Effects of type 2 Diabeties mellitus on the plantar aponeurosis and heel pad in an adult Nigerian population. MSc thesis, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus. 2006.
17. Du Bois D, Du Bois EF. A Formula to estimate the approximate body surface area if height and weight be known. Archives of Internal Med 1916; 17:863-871.
18. Gefen A, Megido-Ravid M, Itzchak Y, Arman A. Biomechanical analysis of three dimensional foot structure during gait: A basic tool for clinical application. J Biomech Eng 2000; Vol 122: 630-639.
19. Erdemir A, Viveiros ML, Cavanagh PR. A Numerical-Experimental approach for characterizing subject specific Hyperelastic
Properties of the Heel Pad. Summer Bioengineering Conference, June 25-29, 2003; Sonesta Beach Resort in Key Biscayne, Florida.
20. Nass D, Hennig EM, van Treek R. The thickness of the heel pad loaded by bodyweight in Obese and normal weight adult. Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Essen, 2005, Germany, D45117.
21. Uzel M, Cetinus E, Bilgic E, Ekerbicer H, Karaoguz A. Comparison of Ultrasonography and radiography in the assessment of the heel pad compressibility index of patients with plantar heel pain syndrome. Measurement of fat pad in plantar heel pain syndrome. Joint Bone Spine 2006; 73(2):196-199.
22. Mueller WH, Shoup RF, Malina RN. Fat patterning in athletes in relation to ethnic origin and sport. Annals of Hum Biol 1982; Vol 9(4): 371-76
23. Rome K, Campbell R, Flint A, Haslock I . Reliability of weight bearing heel pad thickness measurements by ultrasound. Clin Biomech 1998;13:374-375.
24. Özdemr H, Söyüncü Y, Özgörgen M, Dabak K. Effects of Changes in Heel Fat Pad Thickness and Elasticity on Heel Pain J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2004; 94(1): 47-52,
25. Kinioshita H, Francis PR, Murase T, Kawai S, Ogawa T. The Mechanical properties of the heel pad in elderly adults. Europ J of Appl Physiol. 1996; Vol 73(5)
26. Ozdemir H, Urguden M, Ozgorgen M, Gur S. The relationship between the thickness and elasticity of heel pad and heel pain. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc, 2002; Vol 36, No 5
2. Aldridge T. Diagnosing heel pain in Adults. Am fam phys. 2004; 70;332-338
3. Standring S, Ellis H, Healy J, Johnson D, Williams A eds; Gray’s Anatomy. 39thed 2005; pp 807-808. Chuchill Livingstone.
4. Stupar M, Tibbles A. Heel pain and HIV-associated lipodystrophy: a report of two cases. J Can Chiropr Ass 2008; 52(2): 103-109.
5. Riddle DL, Schappert SM. Volume of ambulatory care visits and patterns of care for patients diagnosed with plantar fascitis: a national study of Medical doctors. Foot Ankle Int 2004; 25(5):303-310.
6. DeMaio M, Paine R, mangine RE, Drez D. Plantar Fascitis. Orthopadics 1993;16(10): 1153-1163.7. Hsu CC, Tsai WC, Hsiao TY, Tseng FY, Shau YW, Wang CL . Diabetic effects on microchambers and macrochambers tissue properties in the human heel pads. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2009; 24(8):682-686.
8. Buchbinder R. Plantar Fascitis. N Eng J Med. 2004; 350: 2159-2166.
9. Falsetti P, Frediani B, Acciai C, Baldi F, Filipou G, Marcolongo R. Heel fat pad involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis and in Spondyloarthropathies : an ultrasonographic study. Scand J of Rheumatology2004; 33(5): 327-331.
10. Thomas JL, Christeiensen JC, Kravitz SR, Mendicino RW, Scheberth JM, Vanore JV . The Diagnosis and treatment of Heel Pain. J Foot Ankle Surg 2001; 40(5):329-340.
11. Jorgensen U . Achillodynia and loss of heel pad shock absorbency. Am J sports Med 1985; 13: 128-132.
12. Ugwu AC, Udoh BE, Njoku CO, Eteudo AN . Roles of Sonographers in theManagement of Diabetes. A proposed framework. J diag Med Son.2008; 24:84-87.
13. Krishan K. Determination of stature from foot and its segments in a north Indian Population. Am of For Med & Path 2008; 29(4):297-303.
14. Ophir J, Garra B, Kallel F, Konofagou E, Righetti R, Varghese T Elastographic imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol 2000; 26(1) 23-29.
15. Gooding GAW, Stress RM, Graf PM, Grunfeld C. Heel Pad Thickness; determination by high resolution ultrasonography. J Ultrasound Med. 1985; 4;173-174.
16. Udoh BE. Effects of type 2 Diabeties mellitus on the plantar aponeurosis and heel pad in an adult Nigerian population. MSc thesis, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus. 2006.
17. Du Bois D, Du Bois EF. A Formula to estimate the approximate body surface area if height and weight be known. Archives of Internal Med 1916; 17:863-871.
18. Gefen A, Megido-Ravid M, Itzchak Y, Arman A. Biomechanical analysis of three dimensional foot structure during gait: A basic tool for clinical application. J Biomech Eng 2000; Vol 122: 630-639.
19. Erdemir A, Viveiros ML, Cavanagh PR. A Numerical-Experimental approach for characterizing subject specific Hyperelastic
Properties of the Heel Pad. Summer Bioengineering Conference, June 25-29, 2003; Sonesta Beach Resort in Key Biscayne, Florida.
20. Nass D, Hennig EM, van Treek R. The thickness of the heel pad loaded by bodyweight in Obese and normal weight adult. Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Essen, 2005, Germany, D45117.
21. Uzel M, Cetinus E, Bilgic E, Ekerbicer H, Karaoguz A. Comparison of Ultrasonography and radiography in the assessment of the heel pad compressibility index of patients with plantar heel pain syndrome. Measurement of fat pad in plantar heel pain syndrome. Joint Bone Spine 2006; 73(2):196-199.
22. Mueller WH, Shoup RF, Malina RN. Fat patterning in athletes in relation to ethnic origin and sport. Annals of Hum Biol 1982; Vol 9(4): 371-76
23. Rome K, Campbell R, Flint A, Haslock I . Reliability of weight bearing heel pad thickness measurements by ultrasound. Clin Biomech 1998;13:374-375.
24. Özdemr H, Söyüncü Y, Özgörgen M, Dabak K. Effects of Changes in Heel Fat Pad Thickness and Elasticity on Heel Pain J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2004; 94(1): 47-52,
25. Kinioshita H, Francis PR, Murase T, Kawai S, Ogawa T. The Mechanical properties of the heel pad in elderly adults. Europ J of Appl Physiol. 1996; Vol 73(5)
26. Ozdemir H, Urguden M, Ozgorgen M, Gur S. The relationship between the thickness and elasticity of heel pad and heel pain. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc, 2002; Vol 36, No 5
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Published
2012-03-31
How to Cite
OA, E., CIP, A., & FC, A. (2012). Sonographic Evaluation of Heel Pad Thickness in A Nigerian Population: Sonographic Evaluation of Heel Pad Thickness in A Nigerian Population. National Journal of Integrated Research in Medicine, 3(1), 77–81. Retrieved from http://nicpd.ac.in/ojs-/index.php/njirm/article/view/1972
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