Imaging In Oral Cancers – A Practical Approach
Imaging In Oral Cancers – A Practical Appro
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70284/njirm.v7i1.1059Keywords:
Oral Oncology, Imaging modality, Ideal choice, Developing countries, Decision treeAbstract
Imaging techniques have become an important element in the field of oral oncology. Continued research has led to technical progress in the existing modalities and addition of newer, exiting and highly accurate techniques. Although this is a boon, it has created differences of opinion regarding the ideal choice of imaging techniques. Inappropriate choice of imaging modality can result in delay in diagnosis and treatment thereby inducing more suffering for the patients. This problem is more so with imaging of oral cancers and responsible decisions of oral clinicians and radiologists is of paramount importance. In developing nations, problem is compounded by various other factors like affordability, availability and awareness. Thus, an imaging protocol needs to be devised that helps a clinician choose the best imaging modality for a particular clinical situation. This review illustrates the imaging protocol in the form of a decision tree, describes the various imaging techniques, their utility in evaluation of oral cancers and practical problems associated with these techniques. [R Jigna NJIRM 2016; 7(1):112-119]
References
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33. Lee YYP, Wong KT, King AD, Ahuja AT. Imaging of salivary gland tumours. European Journal of Radiology 2008;66:419–436.
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36. Goerres GW, Schmid DT, Schuknecht B, Eyrich GK. Bone Invasion in Patients with Oral Cavity Cancer: Comparison of Conventional CT with PET/CT and SPECT. Radiology 2005; 237:281–287.
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38. Babin E, Desmonts C , Hamon M, Benateau H, Hitier, M. PET/CT for assessing mandibular invasion by intraoral squamous cell carcinomas. Clin Otolaryngol 2008;33:47-51.
39. Wong WL, Batty V. Role of PET/CT in maxillo-facial surgery. Brit J Oral Maxillofac Surgery 2009;47:259-67.
40. Fly MB, Moore C. Marginal resection of the mandible in the management of squamous cancer of the floor of the mouth. Am J Surg 1974;128:490-3.
41. Bartfelbort SW, Bahn Sl, Ariyan S. Rim mandibulectomy for cancer of the oral cavity. Am J Surg 1987;154:423-8.
42. Poop, El MA. The marginal mandibulectomy for the treatment of mandibular tumors. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1989;27:132-8.
43. Soderholm AL, Lindqvist C, Sankila R, Pukkala E, Teppo L. Evaluation of various treatments for carcinoma of the mandibular region. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991;29:223-9.
44. Merick MV. Bone scintigraphy – an update. Clin Radiol 1989: 40: 231-2.
45. Fischer-Brandies E, Seifert C. Bone scintigraphy: an aid in deciding on the extent of bone resection in malignant oral tumors. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995: 53: 768-70.
46. Vassallo P, Wernecke K, Roos N, Peters PE. Differentiation of benign from malignant superficial lymphadenopathy: the role of high-resolution US. Radiology 1992;183:215-20.
47. Vassallo P, Edel G, Roos N, Naguib A, Peters PE. In-vitro highresolution ultrasonography of benign and malignant lymph nodes: a sonographic-pathologic correlation. Invest Radiol 1993;28:698-705.
48. van den Brekel MW, Castelijns JA, Stel HV, Golding RP, Meyer CJ, Snow GB. Modern imaging techniques and ultrasoundguided aspiration cytology for the assessment of neck node metastases: a prospective comparative study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1993;250:11-7.
49. Alvi A, Myers EN, Carrau RL. Malignant tumors of the salivary glands. In: Myers EN, Suen JY, editors. Cancer of the head and neck. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co.; 1996. p. 525-61.
2. Kuruvilla J. Utilizing dental colleges for the eradication of oral cancer in India. Indian J Dent Res 2008;19(4): 349-353.
3. Sankaranarayanan R.: Oral caner in India: An epidemiologic and clinical review. Oral Sirg. Oral Med. Oral Path 1990;69:325-330.
4. Carvalho AL, Magrin J, Kowalski LP. Sites of recurrence in oral and oropharyngeal cancers according to the treatment approach. Oral Diseases 2003; 9:112–118.
5. Alkureishi LWT, de Bree R, Ross GL. RADPLAT: an alternative to surgery? Oncologist 2006;11:469–80.
6. Rumboldt Z, Day TA, Michel M. Imaging of oral cavity cancer. Oral Oncology 2006;42:854– 865.
7. Kalavrezos ND, Gratz KW, Saller HF, Stahel WA. Correlation of imaging and clinical features in the assessment of mandibular invasion of oral carcinomas. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996;25:439-445.
8. Van Cann EM, Rijpkema M, Heerschap A, van der Bilt A, Koole R, Stoelinga PJW. Quantitative dynamic contrast-enhances MRI for the assessment of mandibular invasion by squammous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2008;44:1147-1154.
9. Atula TS, Varpula MJ, Kurki TJ, Klemi PJ, Grenman R. Assessment of cervical lymph node status in head and neck cancer patients: palpation, computed tomography and low field magnetic resonance imaging compared with ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology. Eur J Radiol 1997;25:152–61.
10. Alderson DJ, Jones TM, White SJ, Roland NJ. Observer error in the assessment of nodal disease in head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2001;23:739–43.
11. Haberal I, Celik H, Gocmen H, Akmansu H, Yoruk M, Ozeri C. Which is important in the evaluation of metastatic lymph nodes in head and neck cancer: palpation, ultrasonography, or computed tomography? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;130:197–201.
12. Woolgar JA. Histopathological prognosticators in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncology 2006;42:229-239.
13. Woolgar JA, Triantafyllou A. Pitfalls and procedures in the histopathological diagnosis of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and a review of the role of pathology in prognosis. Oral Oncology 2009;45(4-5):361-385.
14. Shaha AR. Preoperative evaluation of the mandible in patients with carcinoma of the floor of mouth. Head Neck 1991;13(5):398–402.
15. Nakayama E, Yoshiura K, Yuasa K, Tabata O, Araki K, Kanda S, et al.Detection if bone invasion by gingival carcinoma of the mandible: A comparison of intraoral and panaromic radiography and computed tomography. DMFR 1999;28:351-356.
16. Brown JS, Lewis-Jones H. Evidence for imaging the mandible in the management of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a review. Brit J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001;39:411–418.
17. Edelstyn GA, Gillespie PJ, Grebbell FS. The radiological demonstration of osseous metastases. Experimental observations.Clin Radiol 1967;18:158–62.
18. O’Brien CJ, Carter RL, Soo KC, Barr LC, Hamlyn PJ, Shaw HJ. Invasion of the mandible by squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Head Neck Surg 1986;8:247–56.
19. Weber A, Kaneda T, Scrivani S, Aziz S. Cysts, tumors, and nontumorous lesions of the jaws. In: Som P, Curtin H, editors. Head and neck imaging. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2003:930–94.
20. MacComb WS, Fletcher GH.: Cancer of the Head and Neck. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins 1976.
21. Front D, Hardoff R, Eliezer R. Bone scintigraphy in primary tumors of the head and neck. Cancer 1978;42:111-117.
22. Cavalcanti CM, Vannier MW. Measurement of the volume of oral tumors by three-dimensional spiral computed tomography. DMFR 2000;29:35-40.
23. Gandhi D, Hoeffner EG, Carlos RC, Case I, Mukherji SK. Computed tomography perfusion of squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. Initial results. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2003;27(5):687–93.
24. Rumboldt Z, Al-Okaili R, Deveikis J. Perfusion CT for head and neck tumors: pilot study. Am J Neuroradiol 2005;26(5): 1178–85.
25. Gatenby RA, Mulhern CB, Strawitz J. CT-Guided Percutaneous Biopsies of Head and Neck Masses. Radiology 1983;146: 717-719.
26. Yan J, Lu J, Li BS, Li WH, Hou DL, Liu J. [CT and MRI image fusion in three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for cranial carcinoma]. Zhonghua zhong liu za zhi [Chinese journal of oncology]. 2007 Dec;29(12):935-7.
27. Yasumoto M, Shibuya H, Takeda M, Korenaga T. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: MR findings and value of T1-versus T2-weighted fast spin-echo images. Am J Roentgenol 1995;164(4):981–7.
28. Smoker W. The oral cavity. In: Som P, Curtin H, editors. Head and Neck Imaging. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2003. p. 1377–464.
29. Tien RD, Hesselink JR, Chu PK, J Szumowski. Improved detection and delineation of head and neck lesions with fat suppression spin-echo MR imaging. AJNR 1991;12:19–24.
30. Dubin MD, Teresi LM, Bradley Jr WG, JE Jordan, PJ Pema, SK Goergen et al. Conspicuity of tumors of the head and neck on fat-suppressed MR images: T2-weighted fastspin- echo versus contrast-enhanced T1-weighted conventional spinecho sequences. Am J Roentgenol 1995;164:1213–1221.
31. Su CY, Lui CC. Perineural invasion of the trigeminal nerve in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: imaging and clinical correlations. Cancer 1996;78:2063–2069.
32. Schneider A, Forstner R. The Value of MRI in Imaging Malignant Head and Neck Tumours. Imaging Decisions MRI 2007;11(2):3-10.
33. Lee YYP, Wong KT, King AD, Ahuja AT. Imaging of salivary gland tumours. European Journal of Radiology 2008;66:419–436.
34. Simon LL, Rubinstein D. Imaging of oral cancer. Otolaryngol Clin N Am 2006;39:307-317.
35. Righi PD, Kopecky KK, Caldemeyer KS, Ball VA, Weisberger EC, Radpour S. Comparison of ultrasound-fine needle aspiration and computed tomography in patients undergoing elective neck dissection. Head Neck 1997;19(7):604–10.
36. Goerres GW, Schmid DT, Schuknecht B, Eyrich GK. Bone Invasion in Patients with Oral Cavity Cancer: Comparison of Conventional CT with PET/CT and SPECT. Radiology 2005; 237:281–287.
37. Feliu AL. The role of chemistry in positron emission tomography. J Chem Educ 1998:55–60.
38. Babin E, Desmonts C , Hamon M, Benateau H, Hitier, M. PET/CT for assessing mandibular invasion by intraoral squamous cell carcinomas. Clin Otolaryngol 2008;33:47-51.
39. Wong WL, Batty V. Role of PET/CT in maxillo-facial surgery. Brit J Oral Maxillofac Surgery 2009;47:259-67.
40. Fly MB, Moore C. Marginal resection of the mandible in the management of squamous cancer of the floor of the mouth. Am J Surg 1974;128:490-3.
41. Bartfelbort SW, Bahn Sl, Ariyan S. Rim mandibulectomy for cancer of the oral cavity. Am J Surg 1987;154:423-8.
42. Poop, El MA. The marginal mandibulectomy for the treatment of mandibular tumors. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1989;27:132-8.
43. Soderholm AL, Lindqvist C, Sankila R, Pukkala E, Teppo L. Evaluation of various treatments for carcinoma of the mandibular region. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991;29:223-9.
44. Merick MV. Bone scintigraphy – an update. Clin Radiol 1989: 40: 231-2.
45. Fischer-Brandies E, Seifert C. Bone scintigraphy: an aid in deciding on the extent of bone resection in malignant oral tumors. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995: 53: 768-70.
46. Vassallo P, Wernecke K, Roos N, Peters PE. Differentiation of benign from malignant superficial lymphadenopathy: the role of high-resolution US. Radiology 1992;183:215-20.
47. Vassallo P, Edel G, Roos N, Naguib A, Peters PE. In-vitro highresolution ultrasonography of benign and malignant lymph nodes: a sonographic-pathologic correlation. Invest Radiol 1993;28:698-705.
48. van den Brekel MW, Castelijns JA, Stel HV, Golding RP, Meyer CJ, Snow GB. Modern imaging techniques and ultrasoundguided aspiration cytology for the assessment of neck node metastases: a prospective comparative study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1993;250:11-7.
49. Alvi A, Myers EN, Carrau RL. Malignant tumors of the salivary glands. In: Myers EN, Suen JY, editors. Cancer of the head and neck. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co.; 1996. p. 525-61.
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2018-01-18
How to Cite
Raja, D. J. V., Priyadharshini, D., & G, D. (2018). Imaging In Oral Cancers – A Practical Approach: Imaging In Oral Cancers – A Practical Appro. National Journal of Integrated Research in Medicine, 7(1), 112–119. https://doi.org/10.70284/njirm.v7i1.1059
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