Decoding the BCG and COVID-19 connection: an empirical analysis
Keywords:
SARS CoV-2, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine, Vaccination policyAbstract
Background
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination offers protection against
tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis
bacterium. TB generally affects the lungs and can prove fatal. There is evidence
that BCG vaccination has non-specific immune-boosting effects that protect
against other pathogens including Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus.
During the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, the list of countries most
affected bore a resemblance to the list of countries that do not have universal
BCG vaccination policy. In this study, we explore the possible association
between BCG vaccine policy and SARS CoV-2 attributable mortality.
Methods
We obtained cumulative counts of cases and deaths attributed to SARS CoV-2 from the WHO COVID-19 Dashboard,
collated details of BCG vaccination policy from the BCG World Atlas and extracted data on BCG coverage for the past
30 years from WHO. We applied multivariate log-linear regression models to examine the association of deaths per
1 million population attributed to SARS CoV-2 and BCG vaccination policy and coverage.
Results
A significant association between the absence of universal BCG vaccination and the higher death rate was found even
after controlling for other variables including median age, hospital beds and days since 100th case. The present study
does not, however, find any significant association between BCG vaccination coverage and mortality attributed to
SARS CoV-2 across the countries where the BCG immunization has been administered since or before 1990 and
where BCG coverage falls within the range 35– 99% of the population.
Conclusion
These results support the prevailing view that the connection between BCG immunization and COVID-19 mortality
is correlation rather than causation and is likely due to confounding factors within profoundly affected populations.
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