To Evaluate the Involvement of Autonomic Nervous System during Pre and Post Menstrual Phases in Young Women
Autonomic Nervous System during Pre and Post Menstrual Phases
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70284/njirm.v3i2.1988Keywords:
ANS- Autonomic nervous system , LL-Late luteal phase, EF-Early follicular phase, HPA - Hypothalamo pituitary adrenal, Sympathetic activityAbstract
Background: During reproductive life, Women undergo many types of behavioural and hormonal changes, which influence various functions of body. ANS provides physiological adaptive background for these changes. The main aim of this study is to carry out autonomic function tests during various phases of menstrual cycle. Method: Different Methods were used to evaluate sympathetic and Parasympathetic activity. This study was carried out in two different phases of menstrual cycle viz. premenstrual phase (late luteal phase-LL) and post menstrual phase (early follicular phase –EF). Results: The autonomic function tests and heart rate variables were recorded and data was tabulated for Statistical evaluation with student paired “t†test. P 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The tests for sympathetic activity were compared during pre and post menstrual phases. It was observed that pulse rate, blood pressure and cold pressor test were statistically more significant (p<0.01), while orthostatic variation in arterial blood pressure was statistically significant (p<0.05) in premenstrual phase as compared to post menstrual phase of menstrual cycle. For parasympathetic activity it was observed that heart rate response, expiratory: inspiratory ratio and valsalva ratio were statistically not significant (p>0.05) in both pre and post menstrual phases of menstrual cycle. Conclusion: In this study the responses to various sympathetic tests were significantly altered in premenstrual phase as compare to that of postmenstrual phase, reflecting the significant increase in the sympathetic activity. These changes may be due to gonadal steroids imbalance during post menstrual phase (EF) and premenstrual phase (LL) of menstrual cycle which in turn affects HPA axis and ANS significantly. Significant increased sympathetic activity responses indicate an augmented stress system.
References
2. Kurina LM, Gulati M, Everson-Rose SA, Chung PJ, Karavolos K, Cohen NJ, et al. The effect of menopause on the grip and pinch strength: Results from Chicago, Illinois, site of the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Am J Epidemiol 2004;160: 484-91.
3. Rohtagi S, Bhattacharya S, Tiwari S. Effect of the menstrual cycle on parasympathetic function. Ind. J.Physiol and Pharmac, 2005; 49:5[supplement] 61
4. Samuel P J, Chandrasekhar M, Shyamala R Parasympathetic activity in various phases of the menstrual cycle in normal females. Ind. J.Physiol and Pharmac 2005;49:5[supplement] 75
5. Yang CCH, Chao TC, Kuo TBJ, Yin CS, Chen HI. Preclamptic pregnancy is associated with the increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic control of HR.Am. J. Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000Apr;278(4):1269-73.
6. Kubba S, Agarwal SK, Prakash A, Puri V, Babbar R, Anuradha S, et al. Effect of losartan on albuminuria,peripheral and autonomic neuropathy in normotensive microalbuminuric type 2 diabetes. Neurol. India 2003; 51/3: 355-8.
7. Ewing D. J. Autonomic function testing (clinical) – Michael Poon’s Shrine of neurology. 1985, 1988 in www.Autonomic function testing
8. George P, Chrousoss GP, Tropy DJ et al: Interactions between the hypothalamic pituitary–adrenal axis and the female reproductive system: Clinical implications. Ann Inter Med, 1998; 129: 229-240.
9. Watts JF, Butt WR et al : Hormonal studies in women with premenstrual tension. Br. J. Obstet Gynecol. 1985; 92:247-55.
10. Cristopher T et al: Influence of menstrual cycle on sympathetic activity, baroreflexes sensitivity and vascular transduction in young women: Circulation. 2000; 101(8):862-68.
11. Asso D: Levels of arousal in the premenstrual phase: Br. J. of Soc and Clin Psychol, 1978: 17: 47 B 55.
12. Anjali Nadir Bhat: Autonomic function in different phases of menstrual cycle: Indian Jr. of Physiology and allied sciences: 2000, 54(4): 184-190.
13. Benment PJV et al: A study of minor psychiatric and physical symptoms during the menstrual cycle: Br. J. Psychiat, 1975; 126:431-B-434.
14. Janowsky DS et al: Correlations between mood, weight and electrolytes during the menstrual cycle- A rennin angiotensin-aldosterone hypothesis of premenstrual tension: Psychosom Med. 1973: 34; 143-54.
15. Mehta V: Autonomic function in different phases of menstrual cycle: Indian Jr. of Physiol. Pharmacol: 1993, 37: 56-58.
16. Moose RM: The development of a menstrual distress questionnaire: Psychosom. Med., 1968; 30: 853-B-897.
17. Nippon Sanka et al: Changes in autonomic nerve function during the normal menstrual cycle measured by the coefficient
of variation of R-R interval: 1989; 41(5): 513-8.
18. Sommer B: The effect of menstruation on cognitive and perceptual motor behaviour. Review: Psychosom. Med., 1973; 35: 515-24.
19. Healey FH: Menstruation in relation to mental disorder: J. Ment. Sci, 1928; 74; 488-92.
20. Lader MH and Wing L: Physiological measures, sedative drugs and morbid anxiety: London, 1966, Oxford university press.
21. Magos AL: effects and analysis of menstrual cycle: J. Biomed. Eng. 1988; 10; 105-B-109.
22. Wineman EWC: Autonomic balance changes during the human menstrual cycle: Psycho Physiol, 1971; 8: 1-B-6.
23. Seward GH: The female sex rhythm: Psychol. Bull, 1934; 81: 153-B-192.
24. Schroder R: Hanbuck der Gynakologic 1, Munich, Germany, 1928; 394-B-550.
25. Strauss B et al: Autonomic reactivity in the premenstrual phase: Br. J. Clin. Psychol, 1983; 22; 1-9.
26. Koppel BS et al: Variations in some measures of arousal during the menstrual cycle: J. Nerv. Ment. Dis, 1969; 148:180-B-187.
