Central Sensitization In Chronic Low Back Pain: A Narrative Review
Central Sensitization in Chronic Low Back Pain: A Narrative Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70284/njirm.v7i3.1092Keywords:
Central sensitization, central pain processing, chronic low back pain, hyperalgesia, cortical reorganization, widespread pain, temporal summationAbstract
Objective: The aim of this narrative review is to examine the available literature related to central sensitization (CS) and altered central pain processing in chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients. Methodology: Literature was searched using many electronic databases. Additionally, reference list of most prominent articles were searched to increase the search accuracy, as much as possible. Studies which are evaluating the concept of CS in conservatively treated CLBP patients were included. Results: Results of studies evaluating the responsiveness to various types of stimuli in CLBP patients are contradictory. Some studies in CLBP patients have showed increased pain responses after sensory stimulation of body parts outside the painful region, when some other studies report no differences between patients and healthy controls. Studies evaluating the integrity of the endogenous pain inhibitory systems describe unchanged activity of this descending inhibitory system. Conversely, studies examining brain structure and function in connection with experimentally induced pain provide initial proof for changed central pain processing in CLBP patients. Also inappropriate beliefs about pain, depression and/or pain catastrophizing, may lead to the development of CS. Conclusion: Most of the literatures suggest that the CNS becomes centrally sensitized in a subgroup of patients with CLBP. However, the significance of this involvement is just starting to become clearer. This could be an active topic of future research. More studies are necessary for providing definite evidence for the clinical importance of CS. [Bid D NJIRM 2016; 7(3):114 - 123]
References
1. Manchikanti L. Epidemiology of low back pain. Pain physician. 2000;3(2):167-92.
2. Meucci RD, Fassa AG, Faria NMX. Prevalence of chronic low back pain: systematic review. Revista de Saúde Pública. 2015;49(1):1-.
3. Andersson GBJ. Epidemiological features of chronic low-back pain. The Lancet.354(9178):581-5.
4. Airaksinen O, Brox JI, Cedraschi C, Hildebrandt J, Klaber-Moffett J, Kovacs F, et al. Chapter 4 European guidelines for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain. European Spine Journal. 2006;15(Suppl 2):s192-s300.
5. Kovacs FM, Arana E. Degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. Radiologia. 2016.
6. Steffens D, Hancock MJ, Pereira LS, Kent PM, Latimer J, Maher CG. Do MRI findings identify patients with low back pain or sciatica who respond better to particular interventions? A systematic review. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2015.
7. van Tulder M, Becker A, Bekkering T, Breen A, del Real MT, Hutchinson A, et al. Chapter 3. European guidelines for the management of acute nonspecific low back pain in primary care. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2006;15 Suppl 2:S169-91.
8. Peters ML, Vlaeyen JW, Weber WE. The joint contribution of physical pathology, pain-related fear and catastrophizing to chronic back pain disability. Pain. 2005;113(1-2):45-50.
9. Baranauskas G, Nistri A. Sensitization of pain pathways in the spinal cord: cellular mechanisms. Progress in neurobiology. 1998;54(3):349-65.
10. Staud R. Evidence of involvement of central neural mechanisms in generating fibromyalgia pain. Current rheumatology reports. 2002;4(4):299-305.
11. Woolf CJ. Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain. Pain. 2011;152(3 Suppl):S2-15.
12. Sorensen J, Graven-Nielsen T, Henriksson KG, Bengtsson M, Arendt-Nielsen L. Hyperexcitability in fibromyalgia. The Journal of rheumatology. 1998;25(1):152-5.
13. Leffler AS, Hansson P, Kosek E. Somatosensory perception in a remote pain-free area and function of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) inpatients suffering from long-term trapezius myalgia. European journal of pain. 2002;6(2):149-59.
14. Banic B, Petersen-Felix S, Andersen OK, Radanov BP, Villiger PM, Arendt-Nielsen L, et al. Evidence for spinal cord hypersensitivity in chronic pain after whiplash injury and in fibromyalgia. Pain. 2004;107(1-2):7-15.
15. Meeus M, Nijs J, Huybrechts S, Truijen S. Evidence for generalized hyperalgesia in chronic fatigue syndrome: a case control study. Clinical rheumatology. 2010;29(4):393-8.
16. Loeser JD, Treede RD. The Kyoto protocol of IASP Basic Pain Terminology. Pain. 2008;137(3):473-7.
17. Meyer RA, Campbell JN, Raja SN. Peripheral neural mechanisms of nociception. 3 ed. Wall PD, Melzack R, editors. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1995.
18. Staud R, Craggs JG, Robinson ME, Perlstein WM, Price DD. Brain activity related to temporal summation of C-fiber evoked pain. Pain. 2007;129(1-2):130-42.
19. Meeus M, Nijs J, Van de Wauwer N, Toeback L, Truijen S. Diffuse noxious inhibitory control is delayed in chronic fatigue syndrome: an experimental study. Pain. 2008;139(2):439-48.
20. Meeus M, Nijs J. Central sensitization: a biopsychosocial explanation for chronic widespread pain in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Clinical rheumatology. 2007;26(4):465-73.
21. Zhuo M. A synaptic model for pain: long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex. Molecules and cells. 2007;23(3):259-71.
22. Maier SF, Watkins LR. Cytokines for psychologists: implications of bidirectional immune-to-brain communication for understanding behavior, mood, and cognition. Psychological review. 1998;105(1):83-107.
23. Watkins LR, Maier SF. Implications of immune-to-brain communication for sickness and pain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1999;96(14):7710-3.
24. Bazan NG. COX-2 as a multifunctional neuronal modulator. Nat Med. 2001;7(4):414-5.
25. Samad TA, Moore KA, Sapirstein A, Billet S, Allchorne A, Poole S, et al. Interleukin-1beta-mediated induction of Cox-2 in the CNS contributes to inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. Nature. 2001;410(6827):471-5.
26. Gracely RH, Grant MA, Giesecke T. Evoked pain measures in fibromyalgia. Best practice & research Clinical rheumatology. 2003;17(4):593-609.
27. Nijs J, Van Houdenhove B. From acute musculoskeletal pain to chronic widespread pain and fibromyalgia: application of pain neurophysiology in manual therapy practice. Manual therapy. 2009;14(1):3-12.
28. Woolf CJ, Salter MW. Neuronal plasticity: increasing the gain in pain. Science (New York, NY). 2000;288(5472):1765-9.
29. Zusman M. Forebrain-mediated sensitization of central pain pathways: 'non-specific' pain and a new image for MT. Manual therapy. 2002;7(2):80-8.
30. Lorenz J, Minoshima S, Casey KL. Keeping pain out of mind: the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in pain modulation. Brain : a journal of neurology. 2003;126(Pt 5):1079-91.
31. Rygh LJ, Tjolsen A, Hole K, Svendsen F. Cellular memory in spinal nociceptive circuitry. Scandinavian journal of psychology. 2002;43(2):153-9.
32. Brosschot JF. Cognitive-emotional sensitization and somatic health complaints. Scandinavian journal of psychology. 2002;43(2):113-21.
33. Seminowicz DA, Davis KD. Cortical responses to pain in healthy individuals depends on pain catastrophizing. Pain. 2006;120(3):297-306.
34. Ploghaus A, Becerra L, Borras C, Borsook D. Neural circuitry underlying pain modulation: expectation, hypnosis, placebo. Trends in cognitive sciences. 2003;7(5):197-200.
35. Seifert F, Maihofner C. Central mechanisms of experimental and chronic neuropathic pain: findings from functional imaging studies. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS. 2009;66(3):375-90.
36. W. W. Hyperalgesia and Allodynia. New York: Raven Press; 1992.
37. Nijs J, Van Houdenhove B, Oostendorp RA. Recognition of central sensitization in patients with musculoskeletal pain: Application of pain neurophysiology in manual therapy practice. Manual therapy. 2010;15(2):135-41.
38. Giesecke T, Gracely RH, Grant MA, Nachemson A, Petzke F, Williams DA, et al. Evidence of augmented central pain processing in idiopathic chronic low back pain. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2004;50(2):613-23.
39. Clauw DJ, Williams D, Lauerman W, Dahlman M, Aslami A, Nachemson AL, et al. Pain sensitivity as a correlate of clinical status in individuals with chronic low back pain. Spine. 1999;24(19):2035-41.
40. Giesbrecht RJ, Battie MC. A comparison of pressure pain detection thresholds in people with chroniclow back pain and volunteers without pain. Physical therapy. 2005;85(10):1085-92.
41. Laursen BS, Bajaj P, Olesen AS, Delmar C, Arendt-Nielsen L. Health related quality of life and quantitative pain measurement in females with chronic non-malignant pain. European journal of pain. 2005;9(3):267-75.
42. Meeus M, Roussel NA, Truijen S, Nijs J. Reduced pressure pain thresholds in response to exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome but not in chronic low back pain: an experimental study. Journal of rehabilitation medicine. 2010;42(9):884-90.
43. O'Neill S, Manniche C, Graven-Nielsen T, Arendt-Nielsen L. Generalized deep-tissue hyperalgesia in patients with chronic low-back pain. European journal of pain. 2007;11(4):415-20.
44. Lautenbacher S, Galfe G, Karlbauer G, Moltner A, Strian F. Effects of chronic back pain on the perception of experimental heat pain. Perceptual and motor skills. 1990;71(3 Pt 2):1283-92.
45. Derbyshire SW, Jones AK, Creed F, Starz T, Meltzer CC, Townsend DW, et al. Cerebral responses to noxious thermal stimulation in chronic low back pain patients and normal controls. NeuroImage. 2002;16(1):158-68.
46. Diers M, Koeppe C, Diesch E, Stolle AM, Holzl R, Schiltenwolf M, et al. Central processing of acute muscle pain in chronic low back pain patients: an EEG mapping study. Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society. 2007;24(1):76-83.
47. Arntz A, Merckelbach H, Peters M, Schmidt AJ. Chronic low back pain, response specificity and habituation to painful stimuli. Journal of Psychophysiology. 1991;5:177-88.
48. Flor H, Knost B, Birbaumer N. The role of operant conditioning in chronic pain: an experimental investigation. Pain. 2002;95(1-2):111-8.
49. Kleinbohl D, Holzl R, Moltner A, Rommel C, Weber C, Osswald PM. Psychophysical measures of sensitization to tonic heat discriminate chronic pain patients. Pain. 1999;81(1-2):35-43.
50. Kosek E, Ordeberg G. Lack of pressure pain modulation by heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation in patients with painful osteoarthritis before, but not following, surgical pain relief. Pain. 2000;88(1):69-78.
51. Pielsticker A, Haag G, Zaudig M, Lautenbacher S. Impairment of pain inhibition in chronic tension-type headache. Pain. 2005;118(1-2):215-23.
52. Le Bars D. The whole body receptive field of dorsal horn multireceptive neurones. Brain research Brain research reviews. 2002;40(1-3):29-44.
53. Le Bars D, Willer JC, De Broucker T. Morphine blocks descending pain inhibitory controls in humans. Pain. 1992;48(1):13-20.
54. Chitour D, Dickenson AH, Le Bars D. Pharmacological evidence for the involvement of serotonergic mechanisms in diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). Brain research. 1982;236(2):329-37.
55. Willer JC, Le Bars D, De Broucker T. Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls in man: involvement of an opioidergic link. European journal of pharmacology. 1990;182(2):347-55.
56. Julien N, Goffaux P, Arsenault P, Marchand S. Widespread pain in fibromyalgia is related to a deficit of endogenous pain inhibition. Pain. 2005;114(1-2):295-302.
57. Koltyn KF, Arbogast RW. Perception of pain after resistance exercise. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1998;32(1):20-4.
58. Millan MJ. Descending control of pain. Progress in neurobiology. 2002;66(6):355-474.
59. Hoffman MD, Shepanski MA, Mackenzie SP, Clifford PS. Experimentally induced pain perception is acutely reduced by aerobic exercise in people with chronic low back pain. Journal of rehabilitation research and development. 2005;42(2):183-90.
60. Hoffman MD, Shepanski MA, Ruble SB, Valic Z, Buckwalter JB, Clifford PS. Intensity and duration threshold for aerobic exercise-induced analgesia to pressure pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2004;85(7):1183-7.
61. Sandrini G, Serrao M, Rossi P, Romaniello A, Cruccu G, Willer JC. The lower limb flexion reflex in humans. Progress in neurobiology. 2005;77(6):353-95.
62. Willer JC. Comparative study of perceived pain and nociceptive flexion reflex in man. Pain. 1977;3(1):69-80.
63. Peters ML, Schmidt AJ, Van den Hout MA, Koopmans R, Sluijter ME. Chronic back pain, acute postoperative pain and the activation of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). Pain. 1992;50(2):177-87.
64. Flor H, Braun C, Elbert T, Birbaumer N. Extensive reorganization of primary somatosensory cortex in chronic back pain patients. Neuroscience letters. 1997;224(1):5-8.65. Meyer K, Tschopp A, Sprott H, Mannion AF. Association between catastrophizing and self-rated pain and disability in patients with chronic low back pain. Journal of rehabilitation medicine. 2009;41(8):620-5.
66. Waxman SE, Tripp DA, Flamenbaum R. The mediating role of depression and negative partner responses in chronic low back pain and relationship satisfaction. The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society. 2008;9(5):434-42.
67. Vlaeyen JW, Kole-Snijders AM, Boeren RG, van Eek H. Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance. Pain. 1995;62(3):363-72.
68. Crombez G, Vlaeyen JW, Heuts PH, Lysens R. Pain-related fear is more disabling than pain itself: evidence on the role of pain-related fear in chronic back pain disability. Pain. 1999;80(1-2):329-39.
69. Gheldof EL, Crombez G, Van den Bussche E, Vinck J, Van Nieuwenhuyse A, Moens G, et al. Pain-related fear predicts disability, but not pain severity: a path analytic approach of the fear-avoidance model. European journal of pain. 2010;14(8):870.e1-9.
70. Lethem J, Slade PD, Troup JD, Bentley G. Outline of a Fear-Avoidance Model of exaggerated pain perception--I. Behaviour research and therapy. 1983;21(4):401-8.
71. Vlaeyen JW, Linton SJ. Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain. 2000;85(3):317-32.
72. Arendt-Nielsen L, Graven-Nielsen T. Translational musculoskeletal pain research. Best practice & research Clinical rheumatology. 2011;25(2):209-26.
73. Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Kenardy J. Sensory hypersensitivity occurs soon after whiplash injury and is associated with poor recovery. Pain. 2003;104(3):509-17.
74. Schliessbach J, Siegenthaler A, Streitberger K, Eichenberger U, Nuesch E, Juni P, et al. The prevalence of widespread central hypersensitivity in chronic pain patients. European journal of pain. 2013;17(10):1502-10.
75. Flor H. The modification of cortical reorganization and chronic pain by sensory feedback. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback. 2002;27(3):215-27.
76. Lotze M, Moseley GL. Role of distorted body image in pain. Current rheumatology reports. 2007;9(6):488-96.
77. Peters ML, Schmidt AJ, Van den Hout MA. Chronic low back pain and the reaction to repeated acute pain stimulation. Pain. 1989;39(1):69-76.
78. Peters ML, Schmidt AJ. Differences in pain perception and sensory discrimination between chronic low back pain patients and healthy controls. Journal of psychosomatic research. 1992;36(1):47-53.
79. Flor H. Cortical reorganisation and chronic pain: implications for rehabilitation. Journal of rehabilitation medicine. 2003(41 Suppl):66-72.
80. Flor H, Elbert T, Knecht S, Wienbruch C, Pantev C, Birbaumer N, et al. Phantom-limb pain as a perceptual correlate of cortical reorganization following arm amputation. Nature. 1995;375(6531):482-4.
81. Apkarian AV, Sosa Y, Sonty S, Levy RM, Harden RN, Parrish TB, et al. Chronic back pain is associated with decreased prefrontal and thalamic gray matter density. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2004;24(46):10410-5.
82. Wand BM, O'Connell NE. Chronic non-specific low back pain - sub-groups or a single mechanism? BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2008;9:11.
83. Graven-Nielsen T, Arendt-Nielsen L. Assessment of mechanisms in localized and widespread musculoskeletal pain. Nature reviews Rheumatology. 2010;6(10):599-606.
84. Neblett R, Cohen H, Choi Y, Hartzell M, Williams M, Mayer TG, et al. The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI): Establishing Clinically-Significant Values For Identifying Central Sensitivity Syndromes In An Outpatient Chronic Pain Sample. The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society. 2013;14(5):438-45.
85. Burns PB, Rohrich RJ, Chung KC. The Levels of Evidence and their role in Evidence-Based Medicine. Plastic and reconstructive surgery. 2011;128(1):305-10.
2. Meucci RD, Fassa AG, Faria NMX. Prevalence of chronic low back pain: systematic review. Revista de Saúde Pública. 2015;49(1):1-.
3. Andersson GBJ. Epidemiological features of chronic low-back pain. The Lancet.354(9178):581-5.
4. Airaksinen O, Brox JI, Cedraschi C, Hildebrandt J, Klaber-Moffett J, Kovacs F, et al. Chapter 4 European guidelines for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain. European Spine Journal. 2006;15(Suppl 2):s192-s300.
5. Kovacs FM, Arana E. Degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. Radiologia. 2016.
6. Steffens D, Hancock MJ, Pereira LS, Kent PM, Latimer J, Maher CG. Do MRI findings identify patients with low back pain or sciatica who respond better to particular interventions? A systematic review. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2015.
7. van Tulder M, Becker A, Bekkering T, Breen A, del Real MT, Hutchinson A, et al. Chapter 3. European guidelines for the management of acute nonspecific low back pain in primary care. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2006;15 Suppl 2:S169-91.
8. Peters ML, Vlaeyen JW, Weber WE. The joint contribution of physical pathology, pain-related fear and catastrophizing to chronic back pain disability. Pain. 2005;113(1-2):45-50.
9. Baranauskas G, Nistri A. Sensitization of pain pathways in the spinal cord: cellular mechanisms. Progress in neurobiology. 1998;54(3):349-65.
10. Staud R. Evidence of involvement of central neural mechanisms in generating fibromyalgia pain. Current rheumatology reports. 2002;4(4):299-305.
11. Woolf CJ. Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain. Pain. 2011;152(3 Suppl):S2-15.
12. Sorensen J, Graven-Nielsen T, Henriksson KG, Bengtsson M, Arendt-Nielsen L. Hyperexcitability in fibromyalgia. The Journal of rheumatology. 1998;25(1):152-5.
13. Leffler AS, Hansson P, Kosek E. Somatosensory perception in a remote pain-free area and function of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) inpatients suffering from long-term trapezius myalgia. European journal of pain. 2002;6(2):149-59.
14. Banic B, Petersen-Felix S, Andersen OK, Radanov BP, Villiger PM, Arendt-Nielsen L, et al. Evidence for spinal cord hypersensitivity in chronic pain after whiplash injury and in fibromyalgia. Pain. 2004;107(1-2):7-15.
15. Meeus M, Nijs J, Huybrechts S, Truijen S. Evidence for generalized hyperalgesia in chronic fatigue syndrome: a case control study. Clinical rheumatology. 2010;29(4):393-8.
16. Loeser JD, Treede RD. The Kyoto protocol of IASP Basic Pain Terminology. Pain. 2008;137(3):473-7.
17. Meyer RA, Campbell JN, Raja SN. Peripheral neural mechanisms of nociception. 3 ed. Wall PD, Melzack R, editors. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1995.
18. Staud R, Craggs JG, Robinson ME, Perlstein WM, Price DD. Brain activity related to temporal summation of C-fiber evoked pain. Pain. 2007;129(1-2):130-42.
19. Meeus M, Nijs J, Van de Wauwer N, Toeback L, Truijen S. Diffuse noxious inhibitory control is delayed in chronic fatigue syndrome: an experimental study. Pain. 2008;139(2):439-48.
20. Meeus M, Nijs J. Central sensitization: a biopsychosocial explanation for chronic widespread pain in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Clinical rheumatology. 2007;26(4):465-73.
21. Zhuo M. A synaptic model for pain: long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex. Molecules and cells. 2007;23(3):259-71.
22. Maier SF, Watkins LR. Cytokines for psychologists: implications of bidirectional immune-to-brain communication for understanding behavior, mood, and cognition. Psychological review. 1998;105(1):83-107.
23. Watkins LR, Maier SF. Implications of immune-to-brain communication for sickness and pain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1999;96(14):7710-3.
24. Bazan NG. COX-2 as a multifunctional neuronal modulator. Nat Med. 2001;7(4):414-5.
25. Samad TA, Moore KA, Sapirstein A, Billet S, Allchorne A, Poole S, et al. Interleukin-1beta-mediated induction of Cox-2 in the CNS contributes to inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. Nature. 2001;410(6827):471-5.
26. Gracely RH, Grant MA, Giesecke T. Evoked pain measures in fibromyalgia. Best practice & research Clinical rheumatology. 2003;17(4):593-609.
27. Nijs J, Van Houdenhove B. From acute musculoskeletal pain to chronic widespread pain and fibromyalgia: application of pain neurophysiology in manual therapy practice. Manual therapy. 2009;14(1):3-12.
28. Woolf CJ, Salter MW. Neuronal plasticity: increasing the gain in pain. Science (New York, NY). 2000;288(5472):1765-9.
29. Zusman M. Forebrain-mediated sensitization of central pain pathways: 'non-specific' pain and a new image for MT. Manual therapy. 2002;7(2):80-8.
30. Lorenz J, Minoshima S, Casey KL. Keeping pain out of mind: the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in pain modulation. Brain : a journal of neurology. 2003;126(Pt 5):1079-91.
31. Rygh LJ, Tjolsen A, Hole K, Svendsen F. Cellular memory in spinal nociceptive circuitry. Scandinavian journal of psychology. 2002;43(2):153-9.
32. Brosschot JF. Cognitive-emotional sensitization and somatic health complaints. Scandinavian journal of psychology. 2002;43(2):113-21.
33. Seminowicz DA, Davis KD. Cortical responses to pain in healthy individuals depends on pain catastrophizing. Pain. 2006;120(3):297-306.
34. Ploghaus A, Becerra L, Borras C, Borsook D. Neural circuitry underlying pain modulation: expectation, hypnosis, placebo. Trends in cognitive sciences. 2003;7(5):197-200.
35. Seifert F, Maihofner C. Central mechanisms of experimental and chronic neuropathic pain: findings from functional imaging studies. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS. 2009;66(3):375-90.
36. W. W. Hyperalgesia and Allodynia. New York: Raven Press; 1992.
37. Nijs J, Van Houdenhove B, Oostendorp RA. Recognition of central sensitization in patients with musculoskeletal pain: Application of pain neurophysiology in manual therapy practice. Manual therapy. 2010;15(2):135-41.
38. Giesecke T, Gracely RH, Grant MA, Nachemson A, Petzke F, Williams DA, et al. Evidence of augmented central pain processing in idiopathic chronic low back pain. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2004;50(2):613-23.
39. Clauw DJ, Williams D, Lauerman W, Dahlman M, Aslami A, Nachemson AL, et al. Pain sensitivity as a correlate of clinical status in individuals with chronic low back pain. Spine. 1999;24(19):2035-41.
40. Giesbrecht RJ, Battie MC. A comparison of pressure pain detection thresholds in people with chroniclow back pain and volunteers without pain. Physical therapy. 2005;85(10):1085-92.
41. Laursen BS, Bajaj P, Olesen AS, Delmar C, Arendt-Nielsen L. Health related quality of life and quantitative pain measurement in females with chronic non-malignant pain. European journal of pain. 2005;9(3):267-75.
42. Meeus M, Roussel NA, Truijen S, Nijs J. Reduced pressure pain thresholds in response to exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome but not in chronic low back pain: an experimental study. Journal of rehabilitation medicine. 2010;42(9):884-90.
43. O'Neill S, Manniche C, Graven-Nielsen T, Arendt-Nielsen L. Generalized deep-tissue hyperalgesia in patients with chronic low-back pain. European journal of pain. 2007;11(4):415-20.
44. Lautenbacher S, Galfe G, Karlbauer G, Moltner A, Strian F. Effects of chronic back pain on the perception of experimental heat pain. Perceptual and motor skills. 1990;71(3 Pt 2):1283-92.
45. Derbyshire SW, Jones AK, Creed F, Starz T, Meltzer CC, Townsend DW, et al. Cerebral responses to noxious thermal stimulation in chronic low back pain patients and normal controls. NeuroImage. 2002;16(1):158-68.
46. Diers M, Koeppe C, Diesch E, Stolle AM, Holzl R, Schiltenwolf M, et al. Central processing of acute muscle pain in chronic low back pain patients: an EEG mapping study. Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society. 2007;24(1):76-83.
47. Arntz A, Merckelbach H, Peters M, Schmidt AJ. Chronic low back pain, response specificity and habituation to painful stimuli. Journal of Psychophysiology. 1991;5:177-88.
48. Flor H, Knost B, Birbaumer N. The role of operant conditioning in chronic pain: an experimental investigation. Pain. 2002;95(1-2):111-8.
49. Kleinbohl D, Holzl R, Moltner A, Rommel C, Weber C, Osswald PM. Psychophysical measures of sensitization to tonic heat discriminate chronic pain patients. Pain. 1999;81(1-2):35-43.
50. Kosek E, Ordeberg G. Lack of pressure pain modulation by heterotopic noxious conditioning stimulation in patients with painful osteoarthritis before, but not following, surgical pain relief. Pain. 2000;88(1):69-78.
51. Pielsticker A, Haag G, Zaudig M, Lautenbacher S. Impairment of pain inhibition in chronic tension-type headache. Pain. 2005;118(1-2):215-23.
52. Le Bars D. The whole body receptive field of dorsal horn multireceptive neurones. Brain research Brain research reviews. 2002;40(1-3):29-44.
53. Le Bars D, Willer JC, De Broucker T. Morphine blocks descending pain inhibitory controls in humans. Pain. 1992;48(1):13-20.
54. Chitour D, Dickenson AH, Le Bars D. Pharmacological evidence for the involvement of serotonergic mechanisms in diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). Brain research. 1982;236(2):329-37.
55. Willer JC, Le Bars D, De Broucker T. Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls in man: involvement of an opioidergic link. European journal of pharmacology. 1990;182(2):347-55.
56. Julien N, Goffaux P, Arsenault P, Marchand S. Widespread pain in fibromyalgia is related to a deficit of endogenous pain inhibition. Pain. 2005;114(1-2):295-302.
57. Koltyn KF, Arbogast RW. Perception of pain after resistance exercise. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1998;32(1):20-4.
58. Millan MJ. Descending control of pain. Progress in neurobiology. 2002;66(6):355-474.
59. Hoffman MD, Shepanski MA, Mackenzie SP, Clifford PS. Experimentally induced pain perception is acutely reduced by aerobic exercise in people with chronic low back pain. Journal of rehabilitation research and development. 2005;42(2):183-90.
60. Hoffman MD, Shepanski MA, Ruble SB, Valic Z, Buckwalter JB, Clifford PS. Intensity and duration threshold for aerobic exercise-induced analgesia to pressure pain. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2004;85(7):1183-7.
61. Sandrini G, Serrao M, Rossi P, Romaniello A, Cruccu G, Willer JC. The lower limb flexion reflex in humans. Progress in neurobiology. 2005;77(6):353-95.
62. Willer JC. Comparative study of perceived pain and nociceptive flexion reflex in man. Pain. 1977;3(1):69-80.
63. Peters ML, Schmidt AJ, Van den Hout MA, Koopmans R, Sluijter ME. Chronic back pain, acute postoperative pain and the activation of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). Pain. 1992;50(2):177-87.
64. Flor H, Braun C, Elbert T, Birbaumer N. Extensive reorganization of primary somatosensory cortex in chronic back pain patients. Neuroscience letters. 1997;224(1):5-8.65. Meyer K, Tschopp A, Sprott H, Mannion AF. Association between catastrophizing and self-rated pain and disability in patients with chronic low back pain. Journal of rehabilitation medicine. 2009;41(8):620-5.
66. Waxman SE, Tripp DA, Flamenbaum R. The mediating role of depression and negative partner responses in chronic low back pain and relationship satisfaction. The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society. 2008;9(5):434-42.
67. Vlaeyen JW, Kole-Snijders AM, Boeren RG, van Eek H. Fear of movement/(re)injury in chronic low back pain and its relation to behavioral performance. Pain. 1995;62(3):363-72.
68. Crombez G, Vlaeyen JW, Heuts PH, Lysens R. Pain-related fear is more disabling than pain itself: evidence on the role of pain-related fear in chronic back pain disability. Pain. 1999;80(1-2):329-39.
69. Gheldof EL, Crombez G, Van den Bussche E, Vinck J, Van Nieuwenhuyse A, Moens G, et al. Pain-related fear predicts disability, but not pain severity: a path analytic approach of the fear-avoidance model. European journal of pain. 2010;14(8):870.e1-9.
70. Lethem J, Slade PD, Troup JD, Bentley G. Outline of a Fear-Avoidance Model of exaggerated pain perception--I. Behaviour research and therapy. 1983;21(4):401-8.
71. Vlaeyen JW, Linton SJ. Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain. 2000;85(3):317-32.
72. Arendt-Nielsen L, Graven-Nielsen T. Translational musculoskeletal pain research. Best practice & research Clinical rheumatology. 2011;25(2):209-26.
73. Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Kenardy J. Sensory hypersensitivity occurs soon after whiplash injury and is associated with poor recovery. Pain. 2003;104(3):509-17.
74. Schliessbach J, Siegenthaler A, Streitberger K, Eichenberger U, Nuesch E, Juni P, et al. The prevalence of widespread central hypersensitivity in chronic pain patients. European journal of pain. 2013;17(10):1502-10.
75. Flor H. The modification of cortical reorganization and chronic pain by sensory feedback. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback. 2002;27(3):215-27.
76. Lotze M, Moseley GL. Role of distorted body image in pain. Current rheumatology reports. 2007;9(6):488-96.
77. Peters ML, Schmidt AJ, Van den Hout MA. Chronic low back pain and the reaction to repeated acute pain stimulation. Pain. 1989;39(1):69-76.
78. Peters ML, Schmidt AJ. Differences in pain perception and sensory discrimination between chronic low back pain patients and healthy controls. Journal of psychosomatic research. 1992;36(1):47-53.
79. Flor H. Cortical reorganisation and chronic pain: implications for rehabilitation. Journal of rehabilitation medicine. 2003(41 Suppl):66-72.
80. Flor H, Elbert T, Knecht S, Wienbruch C, Pantev C, Birbaumer N, et al. Phantom-limb pain as a perceptual correlate of cortical reorganization following arm amputation. Nature. 1995;375(6531):482-4.
81. Apkarian AV, Sosa Y, Sonty S, Levy RM, Harden RN, Parrish TB, et al. Chronic back pain is associated with decreased prefrontal and thalamic gray matter density. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2004;24(46):10410-5.
82. Wand BM, O'Connell NE. Chronic non-specific low back pain - sub-groups or a single mechanism? BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2008;9:11.
83. Graven-Nielsen T, Arendt-Nielsen L. Assessment of mechanisms in localized and widespread musculoskeletal pain. Nature reviews Rheumatology. 2010;6(10):599-606.
84. Neblett R, Cohen H, Choi Y, Hartzell M, Williams M, Mayer TG, et al. The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI): Establishing Clinically-Significant Values For Identifying Central Sensitivity Syndromes In An Outpatient Chronic Pain Sample. The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society. 2013;14(5):438-45.
85. Burns PB, Rohrich RJ, Chung KC. The Levels of Evidence and their role in Evidence-Based Medicine. Plastic and reconstructive surgery. 2011;128(1):305-10.
Downloads
Published
2018-01-21
How to Cite
Bid, D. D., Soni, N. C., & Rathod, P. V. (2018). Central Sensitization In Chronic Low Back Pain: A Narrative Review: Central Sensitization in Chronic Low Back Pain: A Narrative Review. National Journal of Integrated Research in Medicine, 7(3), 114–123. https://doi.org/10.70284/njirm.v7i3.1092
Issue
Section
Review Article
