A Study on Effects of Severity of Cigarette Smoking On Lung Functions of Adult Population in North Gujarat Region
A Study on Effects of Severity of Cigarette Smoking On Lung Functions
Keywords:
FVC, FEV1, PEFR, Spirometery, Cigarette SmokingAbstract
Backgrounds And Objectives: Tobacco consumption in different forms is a common addiction in the socio-economically handicapped population in many developing countries there are few data on the uantitative effects of cigarette smoking on lung function in young adults. These effects are important in the understanding of the early stages of chronic airflow obstruction. Material and method: Our study was performed on a total of 100 subjects (50 control and 50 were cigarette smokers) with the age group between 15-40 years were selected. Smokers were categorized into mild, moderate and severe smokers on the basis of number of cigarette smoke per day. Computerised spirometery examination was performed on both control and smokers. Results and Interpretation: We observed an inverse dose–response relation between smoking and FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, PEFR; FEF etc. severe smokers had a low FEV1, PEFR, and FVC than control group. Conclusion: Cigarette smoking has a dose related adverse effect on the evolution of ventilatory lung function in young adulthood. Cigarette smoking is associated with evidence of airway obstruction and slowed growth of lung function in adults, exposure to cigarette smoke led to a greater increase in the number of mucus- producing tracheal goblet cells that enhanced the airway obstruction that may be the cause for decline in the lung functions. [Patel K NJIRM 2014; 5(6):39-43]
References
2. Armitage AK, Ashford JR, Gorrod JW, Sullivan FM. Environmental tobacco smoke – is it really a carcinogen? Med Sci Res 1997; 25 : 3-7.
3. Ashakumary L, Vijayammal PL. Additive effect of alcohol and nicotine on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence mechanism in rats. J Appl Toxicol 1996; 16 : 305-8.
4. Auerbach 0 , Hammond EC, Garfinkel L, et al: Relation of smoking and age to emphysema: Whole-lung section study. N Engl J Med 286:853, 1972 6.
5. Bruce D. Johnson, PhD; Kenneth C. Beck, PhD; Lyle J. Olson, MD; Kathy A. O’Malley; Thomas G. Allison, PhD; Ray W. Squires, PhD and Gerald T. Gau, MD. Pulmonary Function in Patients With Reduced Left Ventricular Function-Influence of Smoking and Cardiac Surgery. Volume 120:1869-1876. 2001
6. Chiang ST, Wang BC: Acute effects of cigarette smoking on pulmonary function. Am Rev Resp Dis 101:860, 1970
7. Craig WY., Palomaki GE., Haddow JE. Cigarette smoking and serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations: an analysis of published data. BMJ 1989;25: 784-8.
8. Dominic J. Cirillo, Yuri Agrawal, and Patricia A. Cassano. Lipids and Pulmonary Function in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. American Journal of Epidemiology, Am J Epidemiol Vol. 155, No. 9, 2002
9. Finley TN, Ladman AS: Low yield of pulmonary surfactant in cigarette smokers. N Engl J Med 286:223, 1972
10. Friestad C, Pirkis J, Biehl M, Irwin CE. Socioeconomic patterning of smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and overweight status among adolescents in Norway and the United States. J Adolesc Health 2003;33:275–8.
11. Green GM, Carolin D: The depressant effect of cigarette smoke on the in vitro antibacterial activity of alveolar macrophages. N Engl J Med 276:421, 1967
12. Huhti E: Ventilatory function in healthy non-smokers and smokers. Scand J Resp Dis 48: 149, 1967
13. Kato takahiko .Effects of Smoking on Pulmonary Function: A Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Study. Journal of UOEH vol: 23 issue: 4 page: 403-409 year: 2001.
14. Loomis TA: Bronchoconstrictor factor in cigarette smoke. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 92:337, 1956
15. Morris IF. Koski A. Iohnson Le. Spirometric standards for healthy nonsmoking adults. Am Rev Respir Dis 1971.103 : 57.
16. Peters JM, Ferris BG Jr. Smoking, pulmonary function, and respiratory symptoms in a college-age group. Am Rev Respir Dis 1967;95:774-82.
17. Prokhorov AV, Emmons KM, Pallonen UE, Tsoh JY. Respiratory response to cigarette smoking among adolescent smokers: a pilot study. Prev Med 1996; 25; 633-40
18. Shapiro W, Patterson JL Jr: Effects of smoking and athletic conditioning on ventilatory mechanics, including observations on the reliability of the forced expirogram. Am Rev Resp Dis 85:191, 1962
19. Sinha AK., Misra GC., Patel DK. Effect of cigarette smoking on lipid profile in the young. Journal Assoc. of Physician India 1995; 43: 185-8.
20. Tager IB, Munoz A, Rosner B, Weiss ST, Carey V, Speizer FE. Effect of cigarette smoking on the pulmonary function of children and adolescents. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;131:752-9.
21. Traber MG, Van der Vliet A, Reznick AZ, Cros CE. Smoking and pulmonary andcardiovascular diseases. Clin Chest Med 2000;2:173-87.
22. Walter S, Nancy NR, Collier CR. Changes in the forced expiratory spirogram in young male smokers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979;119:717-24.
23. Woolf CR, Suero JT: The respiratory effects of regular cigarette smoking in women. Am Rev Resp Dis 103:26, 1971.
24. www.hlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aboutmedlineplus.html - Pulmonary function tests.
