Metabolic Syndrome in an Adult Rural population of Surat
Metabolic Syndrome in an Adult Rural population of Surat
Keywords:
Metabolic Syndrome, Prevalence, HDL-c, HypertensionAbstract
Objectives: To evaluate of the metabolic syndrome in a rural population of Surat, a zone located to the South of Gujarat. Methods: Randomly selected adults >20 years were studied using stratified sampling. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed using Adult Treatment Panel-III (ATP-III) guidelines when any three of the following were present: (1) triglycerides ≥150 mg/dl, (2) HDL cholesterol < 40 mg/dl in men and <50 mg/dl in women, (3) systolic blood pressure ≥130mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥85mmHg, (4) fasting plasma glucose ≥100 mg/dL and (5) Truncal obesity (waist circumference more than 102 cm in men and >88 cm in women). Results: Metabolic syndrome was present in 23.6% subjects, 22.9% in men and 24.6% in women (P>0.05). The prevalence increased from 8.1% in the population younger than 30 y to 37.6% in ages more than 60 years. Low HDL was the most common metabolic abnormality in both sexes. The prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), hypercholesterolemia (≥200 mg/dl) and high LDL cholesterol (≥130 mg/dl) was greater in the metabolic syndrome group than normal subjects (P<0.05). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in this rural population of Surat. Focus of cardiovascular prevention should be undertaken in this area.
References
1. Reaven GM: Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988, 37:1595-1607.
2. Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ: The metabolic syndrome. Lancet 2005, 365:1415-1428.
3. Ford ES: Risks for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome: a summary of the evidence. Diabetes Care 2005, 28:1769-1778.
4. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001, 285:2486-2497.
5. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J: The metabolic syndrome--a new worldwide definition. Lancet 2005, 366:1059-1062.
6. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al.: Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart,
Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005, 112:2735-2752.
7. Balkau B, Charles MA: Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Diabet Med 1999, 16:442-443.
8. Einhorn D, Reaven GM, Cobin RH, Ford E, Ganda OP, Handelsman Y, et al.: American College of Endocrinology position statement on the insulin resistance syndrome. Endocr Pract 2003, 9:237-252.
9. World Health Organization: Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. 1999.
10. Alberti KGMM, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al.: Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome: A Joint Interim Statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009, 120:1640-1645.
11. Cameron AJ, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ: The metabolic syndrome: prevalence in worldwide populations. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2004, 33:351-75.
12. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH: Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002, 287:356-359.
13. Guize L, Thomas F, Pannier B, Bean K, Danchin N, Benetos A: (Metabolic syndrome: prevalence, risk factors and mortality in a French population of 62 000 subjects). Bull Acad Natl Med 2006, 190:685-697.
14. M. Trevisan, J. Liu, F. B. Bahsas, and A. Menotti, “Syndrome X and mortality: a population-based study. Risk Factor and Life Expectancy Research Group,†American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 148, no. 10, pp. 958–966, 1998.
15. D. Gu, K. Reynolds, X.Wu, et al., “Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and overweight among adults in China,†The Lancet, vol. 365, no. 9468, pp. 1398–1405, 2005.16. K. J. Greenlund, R. Valdez,M. L. Casper, S. Rith-Najarian, and J. B. Croft, “Prevalence and correlates of the insulin resistance syndrome among Native Americans. The Inter-Tribal Heart Project,†Diabetes Care, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 441–447, 1999.
17. F. Azizi, F. Raiszadeh, P. Salehi, et al., “Determinants of serum HDL-C level in a Tehran urban population: the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study,†Nutrition,Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 80–89, 2002.
18. E. S. Ford, W. H. Giles, and W. H. Dietz, “Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,†Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 287, no. 3, pp. 356–359, 2002.
19. B. Isomaa, P. Almgren, T. Tuomi, et al., “Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with themetabolic syndrome,†Diabetes Care, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 683–689, 2001.
20. G. Vel´asquez-Mel´endez, A. Gazzinelli, R. Cˆorrea-Oliveira, A. M. Pimenta, and G. Kac, “Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a rural area of Brazil,†Sao Paulo Medical Journal, vol. 125, no. 3, pp. 155–162, 2007.
21. R.Gupta, P. C.Deedwania, A. Gupta, S. Rastogi, R. B. Panwar, and K. Kothari, “Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an Indian urban population,†International Journal of Cardiology, vol. 97, no. 2, pp. 257–261, 2004.
22. E. S. Ford, W. H. Giles, and W. H. Dietz, “Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings fromthe third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,†Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 287, no. 3, pp. 356– 359, 2002.
23. G. Heiss, I. Tamir, C. E. Davis, et al., “Lipoprotein-cholesterol distributions in selected North American populations: the lipid research clinics program prevalence study,†Circulation, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 302–315, 1980.
24. A. Onat, G. Surdum-Avci, M. Senocak, E. Ornek, and Y. Gozukara, “Plasma lipids and their interrelationship in Turkish adults,†Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 470–476, 1992.
25. The Research Group ATS-RF2 of the Italian National Research Council, “Distribution of some risk factors for atherosclerosis in nine Italian population samples,†American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 113, pp. 338–346, 1981.
26. D. R. MacLean, A. Petrasovits, P. W. Connelly, M. Joffres, B. O’Connor, and J. A. Little, “Plasma lipids and lipoprotein reference values, and the prevalence of dyslipoproteinemia in Canadian adults. Canadian Heart Health Surveys Research Group,†Canadian Journal of Cardiology, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 434–444, 1999.
27. J. I. Mann, B. Lewis, J. Shepherd, et al., “Blood lipid concentrations and other cardiovascular risk factors: distribution, prevalence, and detection in Britain,†British Medical Journal, vol. 296, no. 6638, pp. 1702–1706, 1988.
28. F. Sharifi, S. N. Mousavinasab, R. Soruri, M. Saeini, and M. Dinmohammadi, “High prevalence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and other dyslipidemic phenotypes in an Iranian population,†Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 187–195, 2008.
29. R. W. Mahley, J. P´epin, K. Erhan Palao˘glu, M. J. Malloy, J. P. Kane, and T. P. Bersot, “Low levels of high density lipoproteins in Turks, a population with elevated hepatic lipase: high density lipoprotein characterization and genderspecific effects of apolipoprotein E genotype,†Journal of Lipid Research, vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 1290–1301, 2000.
30. R. A. DeFronzo and E. Ferrannini, “Insulin resistance: amultifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,†Diabetes Care, vol. 14, pp. 173–194, 1991.
31. W. Chen, W. Bao, S. Begum, A. Elkasabany, S. R. Srinivasan, and G. S. Berenson, “Age-related patterns of the clustering of cardiovascular risk variables of Syndrome X from childhood to young adulthood in a population made up of black and white subjects: the Bogalusa Heart Study,†Diabetes, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1042–1048, 2000.
2. Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ: The metabolic syndrome. Lancet 2005, 365:1415-1428.
3. Ford ES: Risks for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome: a summary of the evidence. Diabetes Care 2005, 28:1769-1778.
4. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001, 285:2486-2497.
5. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J: The metabolic syndrome--a new worldwide definition. Lancet 2005, 366:1059-1062.
6. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al.: Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart,
Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005, 112:2735-2752.
7. Balkau B, Charles MA: Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Diabet Med 1999, 16:442-443.
8. Einhorn D, Reaven GM, Cobin RH, Ford E, Ganda OP, Handelsman Y, et al.: American College of Endocrinology position statement on the insulin resistance syndrome. Endocr Pract 2003, 9:237-252.
9. World Health Organization: Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. 1999.
10. Alberti KGMM, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al.: Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome: A Joint Interim Statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009, 120:1640-1645.
11. Cameron AJ, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ: The metabolic syndrome: prevalence in worldwide populations. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2004, 33:351-75.
12. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH: Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002, 287:356-359.
13. Guize L, Thomas F, Pannier B, Bean K, Danchin N, Benetos A: (Metabolic syndrome: prevalence, risk factors and mortality in a French population of 62 000 subjects). Bull Acad Natl Med 2006, 190:685-697.
14. M. Trevisan, J. Liu, F. B. Bahsas, and A. Menotti, “Syndrome X and mortality: a population-based study. Risk Factor and Life Expectancy Research Group,†American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 148, no. 10, pp. 958–966, 1998.
15. D. Gu, K. Reynolds, X.Wu, et al., “Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and overweight among adults in China,†The Lancet, vol. 365, no. 9468, pp. 1398–1405, 2005.16. K. J. Greenlund, R. Valdez,M. L. Casper, S. Rith-Najarian, and J. B. Croft, “Prevalence and correlates of the insulin resistance syndrome among Native Americans. The Inter-Tribal Heart Project,†Diabetes Care, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 441–447, 1999.
17. F. Azizi, F. Raiszadeh, P. Salehi, et al., “Determinants of serum HDL-C level in a Tehran urban population: the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study,†Nutrition,Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 80–89, 2002.
18. E. S. Ford, W. H. Giles, and W. H. Dietz, “Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,†Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 287, no. 3, pp. 356–359, 2002.
19. B. Isomaa, P. Almgren, T. Tuomi, et al., “Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with themetabolic syndrome,†Diabetes Care, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 683–689, 2001.
20. G. Vel´asquez-Mel´endez, A. Gazzinelli, R. Cˆorrea-Oliveira, A. M. Pimenta, and G. Kac, “Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a rural area of Brazil,†Sao Paulo Medical Journal, vol. 125, no. 3, pp. 155–162, 2007.
21. R.Gupta, P. C.Deedwania, A. Gupta, S. Rastogi, R. B. Panwar, and K. Kothari, “Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an Indian urban population,†International Journal of Cardiology, vol. 97, no. 2, pp. 257–261, 2004.
22. E. S. Ford, W. H. Giles, and W. H. Dietz, “Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings fromthe third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,†Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 287, no. 3, pp. 356– 359, 2002.
23. G. Heiss, I. Tamir, C. E. Davis, et al., “Lipoprotein-cholesterol distributions in selected North American populations: the lipid research clinics program prevalence study,†Circulation, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 302–315, 1980.
24. A. Onat, G. Surdum-Avci, M. Senocak, E. Ornek, and Y. Gozukara, “Plasma lipids and their interrelationship in Turkish adults,†Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 470–476, 1992.
25. The Research Group ATS-RF2 of the Italian National Research Council, “Distribution of some risk factors for atherosclerosis in nine Italian population samples,†American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 113, pp. 338–346, 1981.
26. D. R. MacLean, A. Petrasovits, P. W. Connelly, M. Joffres, B. O’Connor, and J. A. Little, “Plasma lipids and lipoprotein reference values, and the prevalence of dyslipoproteinemia in Canadian adults. Canadian Heart Health Surveys Research Group,†Canadian Journal of Cardiology, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 434–444, 1999.
27. J. I. Mann, B. Lewis, J. Shepherd, et al., “Blood lipid concentrations and other cardiovascular risk factors: distribution, prevalence, and detection in Britain,†British Medical Journal, vol. 296, no. 6638, pp. 1702–1706, 1988.
28. F. Sharifi, S. N. Mousavinasab, R. Soruri, M. Saeini, and M. Dinmohammadi, “High prevalence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and other dyslipidemic phenotypes in an Iranian population,†Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 187–195, 2008.
29. R. W. Mahley, J. P´epin, K. Erhan Palao˘glu, M. J. Malloy, J. P. Kane, and T. P. Bersot, “Low levels of high density lipoproteins in Turks, a population with elevated hepatic lipase: high density lipoprotein characterization and genderspecific effects of apolipoprotein E genotype,†Journal of Lipid Research, vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 1290–1301, 2000.
30. R. A. DeFronzo and E. Ferrannini, “Insulin resistance: amultifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease,†Diabetes Care, vol. 14, pp. 173–194, 1991.
31. W. Chen, W. Bao, S. Begum, A. Elkasabany, S. R. Srinivasan, and G. S. Berenson, “Age-related patterns of the clustering of cardiovascular risk variables of Syndrome X from childhood to young adulthood in a population made up of black and white subjects: the Bogalusa Heart Study,†Diabetes, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 1042–1048, 2000.
Downloads
Published
2013-10-31
How to Cite
Parekh, D., Divyeshkumar, D., Vaghela, D. P., Parekh, D., Shah, D., & kumar, D. (2013). Metabolic Syndrome in an Adult Rural population of Surat: Metabolic Syndrome in an Adult Rural population of Surat. National Journal of Integrated Research in Medicine, 4(5), 53–57. Retrieved from http://nicpd.ac.in/ojs-/index.php/njirm/article/view/2230
Issue
Section
Original Articles
