Comparative Study of Fenugreek Seeds on Glycemic Index In High And Medium Dietary Fiber Containing Diets In NIDDM Patients.
Comparative Study of Fenugreek Seeds on Glycemic Index
Keywords:
Fenugreek, glycemic index, Area under curve, control and experimental dietsAbstract
Background: Several studies have reported the hypoglycemic property of Fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum), a commonly used condiment in Indian homes, due to its high dietary fiber content. Method: A total of 25 NIDDM patients were given control diets orally consisting of (i)milled rice(boiled rice),(ii) whole wheat (chapati) experimental diets consisting of (iii) boiled rice with fenugreek seed powder and (iv) chapati with fenugreek seed powder given on four consecutive days. Blood was collected at 0, 15, 30,45,60,90 and 120 minutes. Area under curve and glycemic index was calculated for both control and experimental diets. Results: The mean of area under curve of rice with fenugreek and wheat with fenugreek are significantly lower when compared with only rice and only wheat taken orally respectively. Further, the mean glycemic index was significantly lower when fenugreek was given 15 minutes before meal compared to fenugreek given along with meal. Conclusion: Fenugreek has a lowering effect on glycemic index when added to rice and wheat diets, due to delayed gastric emptying and increased intestinal transit time. In addition, fenugreek decreases glucose absorption and inhibits starch digestion due to presence of soluble fiber and galactomannans. Adding fenugreek to the diet of diabetes patients 15 minutes before the meal causes a significant reduction in glycemic index and is beneficial to NIDDM patients for long term control of their blood glucose levels and prevention of hyperglycaemia related complications
References
1. Diabetes Mellitus, WHO Tech Rep Ser 646 ;14, 1980.
2. Vijay Viswanathan, Parthiban :Epidemiology of type 2 Diabetes. Manual of Diabetes Mellitus for practitioners. No.11, jan2008.
3. ICMR Bulletin Vol. 17. No.9, Sept 1987.
4. The diabetes control and complications trial research group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long term complications in NIDDM. N. Engl. J. Med. 1993:329, 977-86.
5. 5. Pirart J: Diabetes mellitus and its degenerative complications. A Prospective study of 4400 patients observed between 1947 and 1973. Diabetes care1:168,1978.
6. Bhathena S.J, Avigan J, and Sehreiner M.E: Effect ofinsulin on chosterol and fatty acid synthesis and HMG CO A redcutase activity in mammalian cells grown in culture. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci 71:2174, 1974.
7. Revan G.M and Bernstein R.M: Effect of obesity on the Relationship between very low density lipoprotein production rate and plasma triglyceride concentration in normal and hyper triglyceridemic subjects.Metabolism 27; 1047, 1978.
8. Pedersen O. Hjollund E, Lind Skov. H. O, Helms P.
Sorenen N.S and Ditzel. J: Increased insulin receptor binding to monocytes from insulin dependent diabetes patients after a low fat, high starch, high fiber diet. Diabetes care 5; 284, 1982.
9. ICMR Bulletin 17; 9, 1987.
10. T.C. Raghuram, Swaran pasricha and R.D. Sharma:
Diet and Diabetes, 1993. P.10.
11. Mishkinsky J. Joseph B and Sulman F: Hypoglycaemic effect of trigonelline. Lancet1;1311, 1967.
12. T.C. Raghuram, Swaran paricha R.D. Sharma :Diet and Diabetes 1993,P.19.
13. T.C. Raghuram, Swaran Parricha R. D. Sharma: Diet and Diabetes, 1993; P. 26
14. Definition and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and Intermediate hyperglycaemia - A report of a WHO/IDF Conltation World Health Organisation ;2006.
15. T.C. Raghuram Swaran Parsicha and R.D. Sharma
Diet and Diabetes: P 56:1993.
16. T.C. Raghuram Swaran Parsicha and R.D. Sharma
Diet and Diabetes : P 40:1993.
17. P. Udaya Sekhara Rao and R.D. Sharma. : An
evaluation of protein quality of fenugreek seeds
(T. foenum graceum) and their supplementary
effects.Food chemistry 24;1-9;1987.
18. T.C. Raghuram Swaran Parsicha and R. D. Sharma
Diet and Diabetes: P33:1993.
19. Test strips for quantitative determination of whole
blood glucose from fresh capillary blood: Roche
diagnostics, East Sussex, BN7 1LG, United Kingdom.
20. Thomas MS Wolewer and David JA Jenkins. The use of the glycaemic index in prediciting the blood glucose response to mixed meals. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 43;167-172:1986.
21. Collier E., Watkinson A., Cleland CF, Roth J. Partial
purification and characterization of an insulin like
material from Spinach and Lemna Gibba G3. J. Biol. Chem. 262:6238-47:1987.
22. Shanmuga Sundaram E.R., Gopith K.L., Radha S.K.,
Rajendran V.M., possible regeneration of the islets of Langerhans in Streptozotocin-diabetic rats given
gymnema sylvestere leaf extract. J. Ethnopharm 30;265-89:1990.
23. Abdel M.A., EL- Feki, SALAM E., Effect of Nigella
Stative, Fish Oil and Gliclazide on alloxa diabetic rates, Biochemical and Histopathological studies.
J. Egy. Ger. Scoi. Zool 23:237-65:1997.
24. Nelson R.W., Ihle S.L., Lewis LD., Salisbury SK., Bottoms G.D., Effects of dietary fiber supplementation on glycaemic control in dogs with alloxam induced diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Vet. Res.52;2060-6:1991.
25. Zecharia Madar and Richard Thorne: Dietary fiber.
Progress in food and nutrition science 11; 153 – 174: 1987.
26. Rao P.U, Sesikeran, B.Rao , P.S et al : short term
nutritional and safety evaluation of fenugreek.
Nutr. Res. 16; 1495-505:1936.
27. Flammang, A.M., Cifone M.A., Erexson G.L. Stankowski L.., Jr; Genotoxicity testing of a fenugreek extract. Food Chm. Toxicol 42;1769-75; 2004.
28. Sharma R.D., Sarkar. A., Hazra., D.K., et al :
Toxicological evaluation of fenugreek seeds; along
term feeding experiment in diabetic patients
phyotherapy Res, 10:519-20, 1996.
29. R.D. Sharma: Effect of fenugreek seeds and leaves on blood glucose and serum insulin responses in human subjects. Nutr. Res. 6;1353-64;1986.
30. Sharma and T.C. Raghuram: Hypoglycaemic effect of fenugreek seeds in non- insulin dependent diabetic subjects. Nutr. Res. 10;731-739,1990.
31. Sharma, T.C. Raghuram, and N. Sudhakar Rao. Effect of fenugreek seeds on blood glucose and serum lipids in type I diabetes Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 44; 301-306., 1990.
32. Zecharia Madar., Rachel Abel., Shlomith Samish and Joseph Arad. Glucose lowering effect of fenugreek in non- insulin dependent diabetes. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 42; 51-54;1988.
33. Jane H Yoon., Lilian U Thompson and Jenkins. The effect of phytic acid on in vitro rate of starch digestibility and blood glucose response. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.38;835-842:1983.
34. James W. Anderson and Wen- Julin Chen. Plant fiber carbohydrate and lipid metabolism .Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32;346-363:1979.
35. Wells. A.F., and B.H. Ershoff Comparative effects of
pertin N.F, Administration on the cholesterol – fed.Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster and Rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Bio. Med 111;147:1962.
36. T.C. Raghuram, R.D. Sharma., S. Pasricha. K.K. Menon and G. Rdhaiah Glycaemic India of fenugreek recipes and its relation to dietary fiber INTL. J. Diab. Dev. Countries Vol 12;p1-4, (1992).
37. Ross S.W, Brand J.C, Thorburn A.W, Truswell A.C: Glycaemic index of processed wheat products.Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 46;6361-635:1987.
38. Jenkins D.J.A., Rainey – Mac Donald CG., Benn G. Fiber in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. In: Spiller G.Ed.Handbook of dietary fiber in human nutrition. Boca Raton. CRC Press Inc. 327-44.1986.
39. Wolever TMS., Jenkinsd. J.A., Jenkinsa. G., Vuksan. V., Wong. G., Josse R.G. Effect of ripeness on the
glycaemic response to banana J. Clin.. Nutr. Gastroenterol 3;85-8:1988.
40. Edwards C.A., Black burn N.A., Craigen L. et al: Viscosity of food gums determined in vitro related to their hypoglycaemic actions. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 46; 72-7;1987.
41. Jenkins DJA., Jenkins MJA., Wolever TMS., Taylor R.H., Ghafari H.: Slow release carbohydrate: Mechanism of action of visions fibers. J. Clin.. Nutr. Gastroenterol 1;237-41;1986.
42. Jenkins DJA., Wolever TMS., Taylor R.H., Barker Exceptionally low blood glucose response to dried
beans. Comparison with other carbohydrate foods. Br. Med. J. 2:578-80:1980.
43. Monnier L. Pham T.C., Aguirre. L., Orsetti. A Influence of indigestible fibers on glucose tolerance
Diabetes care 1;83-88;1978.
44. Yoon J.H., Thompson L.U., Jenkinsd. J.A., The effect of Phytic acid on in vitro rate of starch digestibility and blood glucose response Am. J. Clin. . Nutr. 38;835-42;1983.
45. T.C. Raghuram ; Fenugreek- the wonder seed in Disease Management. Nutr. Dis. Management 26;7-14:2005.
46. Staub. H., Untersuchungen uber den zudkerstoff vechsel des munchen. % Kun. Med. 91;44-8:1921.
47. Bhatchena. S.J., Avigan. J., Schreiner. M.E. Effect of
insulin on sterol and fatty acid synthesi and HMG CoA redcutase activity in mammalian cells grown in culture Proc. Natc. Acad. Sci. 71; 2174:1974.
48. Reaven. G.M. and Bernstein. R.M. Effect of obesity on the relationship between very low density Lipoprotein production rate and plasma triglyceride concentration in normal and hyper triglyceridemic subjects. Metabolism 27;1047:1978.
2. Vijay Viswanathan, Parthiban :Epidemiology of type 2 Diabetes. Manual of Diabetes Mellitus for practitioners. No.11, jan2008.
3. ICMR Bulletin Vol. 17. No.9, Sept 1987.
4. The diabetes control and complications trial research group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long term complications in NIDDM. N. Engl. J. Med. 1993:329, 977-86.
5. 5. Pirart J: Diabetes mellitus and its degenerative complications. A Prospective study of 4400 patients observed between 1947 and 1973. Diabetes care1:168,1978.
6. Bhathena S.J, Avigan J, and Sehreiner M.E: Effect ofinsulin on chosterol and fatty acid synthesis and HMG CO A redcutase activity in mammalian cells grown in culture. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci 71:2174, 1974.
7. Revan G.M and Bernstein R.M: Effect of obesity on the Relationship between very low density lipoprotein production rate and plasma triglyceride concentration in normal and hyper triglyceridemic subjects.Metabolism 27; 1047, 1978.
8. Pedersen O. Hjollund E, Lind Skov. H. O, Helms P.
Sorenen N.S and Ditzel. J: Increased insulin receptor binding to monocytes from insulin dependent diabetes patients after a low fat, high starch, high fiber diet. Diabetes care 5; 284, 1982.
9. ICMR Bulletin 17; 9, 1987.
10. T.C. Raghuram, Swaran pasricha and R.D. Sharma:
Diet and Diabetes, 1993. P.10.
11. Mishkinsky J. Joseph B and Sulman F: Hypoglycaemic effect of trigonelline. Lancet1;1311, 1967.
12. T.C. Raghuram, Swaran paricha R.D. Sharma :Diet and Diabetes 1993,P.19.
13. T.C. Raghuram, Swaran Parricha R. D. Sharma: Diet and Diabetes, 1993; P. 26
14. Definition and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and Intermediate hyperglycaemia - A report of a WHO/IDF Conltation World Health Organisation ;2006.
15. T.C. Raghuram Swaran Parsicha and R.D. Sharma
Diet and Diabetes: P 56:1993.
16. T.C. Raghuram Swaran Parsicha and R.D. Sharma
Diet and Diabetes : P 40:1993.
17. P. Udaya Sekhara Rao and R.D. Sharma. : An
evaluation of protein quality of fenugreek seeds
(T. foenum graceum) and their supplementary
effects.Food chemistry 24;1-9;1987.
18. T.C. Raghuram Swaran Parsicha and R. D. Sharma
Diet and Diabetes: P33:1993.
19. Test strips for quantitative determination of whole
blood glucose from fresh capillary blood: Roche
diagnostics, East Sussex, BN7 1LG, United Kingdom.
20. Thomas MS Wolewer and David JA Jenkins. The use of the glycaemic index in prediciting the blood glucose response to mixed meals. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 43;167-172:1986.
21. Collier E., Watkinson A., Cleland CF, Roth J. Partial
purification and characterization of an insulin like
material from Spinach and Lemna Gibba G3. J. Biol. Chem. 262:6238-47:1987.
22. Shanmuga Sundaram E.R., Gopith K.L., Radha S.K.,
Rajendran V.M., possible regeneration of the islets of Langerhans in Streptozotocin-diabetic rats given
gymnema sylvestere leaf extract. J. Ethnopharm 30;265-89:1990.
23. Abdel M.A., EL- Feki, SALAM E., Effect of Nigella
Stative, Fish Oil and Gliclazide on alloxa diabetic rates, Biochemical and Histopathological studies.
J. Egy. Ger. Scoi. Zool 23:237-65:1997.
24. Nelson R.W., Ihle S.L., Lewis LD., Salisbury SK., Bottoms G.D., Effects of dietary fiber supplementation on glycaemic control in dogs with alloxam induced diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Vet. Res.52;2060-6:1991.
25. Zecharia Madar and Richard Thorne: Dietary fiber.
Progress in food and nutrition science 11; 153 – 174: 1987.
26. Rao P.U, Sesikeran, B.Rao , P.S et al : short term
nutritional and safety evaluation of fenugreek.
Nutr. Res. 16; 1495-505:1936.
27. Flammang, A.M., Cifone M.A., Erexson G.L. Stankowski L.., Jr; Genotoxicity testing of a fenugreek extract. Food Chm. Toxicol 42;1769-75; 2004.
28. Sharma R.D., Sarkar. A., Hazra., D.K., et al :
Toxicological evaluation of fenugreek seeds; along
term feeding experiment in diabetic patients
phyotherapy Res, 10:519-20, 1996.
29. R.D. Sharma: Effect of fenugreek seeds and leaves on blood glucose and serum insulin responses in human subjects. Nutr. Res. 6;1353-64;1986.
30. Sharma and T.C. Raghuram: Hypoglycaemic effect of fenugreek seeds in non- insulin dependent diabetic subjects. Nutr. Res. 10;731-739,1990.
31. Sharma, T.C. Raghuram, and N. Sudhakar Rao. Effect of fenugreek seeds on blood glucose and serum lipids in type I diabetes Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 44; 301-306., 1990.
32. Zecharia Madar., Rachel Abel., Shlomith Samish and Joseph Arad. Glucose lowering effect of fenugreek in non- insulin dependent diabetes. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 42; 51-54;1988.
33. Jane H Yoon., Lilian U Thompson and Jenkins. The effect of phytic acid on in vitro rate of starch digestibility and blood glucose response. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.38;835-842:1983.
34. James W. Anderson and Wen- Julin Chen. Plant fiber carbohydrate and lipid metabolism .Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32;346-363:1979.
35. Wells. A.F., and B.H. Ershoff Comparative effects of
pertin N.F, Administration on the cholesterol – fed.Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster and Rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Bio. Med 111;147:1962.
36. T.C. Raghuram, R.D. Sharma., S. Pasricha. K.K. Menon and G. Rdhaiah Glycaemic India of fenugreek recipes and its relation to dietary fiber INTL. J. Diab. Dev. Countries Vol 12;p1-4, (1992).
37. Ross S.W, Brand J.C, Thorburn A.W, Truswell A.C: Glycaemic index of processed wheat products.Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 46;6361-635:1987.
38. Jenkins D.J.A., Rainey – Mac Donald CG., Benn G. Fiber in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. In: Spiller G.Ed.Handbook of dietary fiber in human nutrition. Boca Raton. CRC Press Inc. 327-44.1986.
39. Wolever TMS., Jenkinsd. J.A., Jenkinsa. G., Vuksan. V., Wong. G., Josse R.G. Effect of ripeness on the
glycaemic response to banana J. Clin.. Nutr. Gastroenterol 3;85-8:1988.
40. Edwards C.A., Black burn N.A., Craigen L. et al: Viscosity of food gums determined in vitro related to their hypoglycaemic actions. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 46; 72-7;1987.
41. Jenkins DJA., Jenkins MJA., Wolever TMS., Taylor R.H., Ghafari H.: Slow release carbohydrate: Mechanism of action of visions fibers. J. Clin.. Nutr. Gastroenterol 1;237-41;1986.
42. Jenkins DJA., Wolever TMS., Taylor R.H., Barker Exceptionally low blood glucose response to dried
beans. Comparison with other carbohydrate foods. Br. Med. J. 2:578-80:1980.
43. Monnier L. Pham T.C., Aguirre. L., Orsetti. A Influence of indigestible fibers on glucose tolerance
Diabetes care 1;83-88;1978.
44. Yoon J.H., Thompson L.U., Jenkinsd. J.A., The effect of Phytic acid on in vitro rate of starch digestibility and blood glucose response Am. J. Clin. . Nutr. 38;835-42;1983.
45. T.C. Raghuram ; Fenugreek- the wonder seed in Disease Management. Nutr. Dis. Management 26;7-14:2005.
46. Staub. H., Untersuchungen uber den zudkerstoff vechsel des munchen. % Kun. Med. 91;44-8:1921.
47. Bhatchena. S.J., Avigan. J., Schreiner. M.E. Effect of
insulin on sterol and fatty acid synthesi and HMG CoA redcutase activity in mammalian cells grown in culture Proc. Natc. Acad. Sci. 71; 2174:1974.
48. Reaven. G.M. and Bernstein. R.M. Effect of obesity on the relationship between very low density Lipoprotein production rate and plasma triglyceride concentration in normal and hyper triglyceridemic subjects. Metabolism 27;1047:1978.
Downloads
Published
2011-09-30
How to Cite
V, D. S. K., J, D. R. R., K, D. A. D., & Mohanty, D. S. (2011). Comparative Study of Fenugreek Seeds on Glycemic Index In High And Medium Dietary Fiber Containing Diets In NIDDM Patients.: Comparative Study of Fenugreek Seeds on Glycemic Index. National Journal of Integrated Research in Medicine, 2(3), 29–37. Retrieved from http://nicpd.ac.in/ojs-/index.php/njirm/article/view/1917
Issue
Section
Original Articles
